Introduction of research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction of - Research Paper Example The paper is going to examine and discuss the function of aniline substituents by looking into the intensities of SERS of different anilines in gold and silver colloids by utilizing a Raman spectrometer which has a 785 nm excitation wavelength. The Chemical Enhancement factors of the Surface Enhanced Raman and detection limits for aniline and its mono- and di-substituted meta derivatives are established and comparisons made. The inductive impacts of withdrawal of electrons as a result of substituents and the steric needs of chemical adsorption influence the strength of signals of different vibrational modes of the aromatic ring and amino group. By utilizing the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the level of improvement is also linked to the ways of setting up the silver and gold colloids, which are characterized by exploring the structural morphology of the nanoparticle and its level of aggregation. Introduction: What is Raman Effect? Raman scattering or Raman Effect is the ine lastic scattering of photons from an atom or a molecule (Sur, 2010). It was discovered by a well known Indian physicist C V Raman in the year 1928. Generally, most photons are elastically scattered from an atom or a molecule, with the scattered photons having the same energy and wavelength as the incident photons (Sur, 2010). This phenomenon is known as ‘Rayleigh scattering’ and it accounts for the blue color of the sky (Sur, 2010). There is however a difference in frequency between the scattered photons and the incident photons. This physicist discovered the Raman Effect as he was working on the molecular diffraction of light and observed this effect in liquid. The Other Russian scientists Gregory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam first observed this effect in crystals (Sur, 2010). Raman won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on inelastic scattering of photons. The history of SERS SERS was discovered accidentally in 1974 as people attempted to perform Raman on the elec trode with an original idea of generating a high surface area on that extremely roughened metal. With time, people realized that the surface area was not the fundamental point on this arena. Periodical searches were made in the dark, which led to progress in 1977 when different groups found out that the rough silver electrode can produce a Raman spectrum that is a million fold more intense than what was expected (Ferraro, 1994). The huge signal confirmed surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS have recently overcome the disadvantage of the small cross section of Raman spectroscopy completely, and therefore can be utilized to study the single molecule spectroscopy (Ferraro, 1994). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has experienced renaissance recently in its development as a result of the remarkable discovery of single molecule SERS (SMSERS). This has also led to the explosion of interest in nanophotonics and plasmonics (Dieringer, 2005). Since excitation of the locali zed surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a nanostructured surface or nanoparticle Is centered at the heart of SERS, it is vital to have in control all of the factors influencing the LSPR with an aim to maximize signal strength and ensure reproducibility (Dieringer, 2005)

Enjoyable Theatrical Experience Essay Example for Free

Enjoyable Theatrical Experience Essay An Inspector Calls was written by J. B Priestley in 1945. The play is set in 1912. In England this was a time of strikes, riots and poverty. The play was partly written by Priestley to highlight a number of very important issues in our lives, which include social class, capitalist and social attitude to life, equality, prejudice, wealth, poverty, rights and responsibilities. It is for this reason that the play may be described as an effective piece of social criticism. It criticises the way in which some people live and think, as well as make us question what is right and what is wrong. The play is a very enjoyable theatrical experience as it is full of excitement, suspense, tension and dramatic irony. In this offer my own opinions and support these with evidence, quotations and examples. It is important to understand what the terms capitalist and socialist mean. Capitalists are people who have power and money. They show their status and wealth. They only care about themselves and dont care anybody else. Socialists are people who care about everybody not just themselves. They are unselfish and believe in welfare of others. Above all Priestley uses one of the main characters, Inspector Goole as a strong mouthpiece to represent his own values, morals and beliefs and sends this message to his audience. The message is that people should not be split into different classes or treated differently as all people are off equal importance and have rights and responsibilities, regardless of the amount of money that they have. Priestley uses Inspector Goole to convey this message, stating in act three, page 56 that:- We are responsible of each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn this lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This is exactly what happened because in 1914, two years after the play was set, First World War started, this was the result of assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir to throne in Sarajevo by a Serbian student. Income tax doubled to pay for the war which was costing i 1million daily. Priestley wants the world to be full of peace, love and forgiveness. Priestley shows that the Birling family are capitalists and have great wealth in a number of ways. For example their house is described as The dining-room of a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer. It has good solid furniture of the period. The general effect is substantial and heavily comfortable, but not Cosy and homelike. This is evidenced in act one, page 1 at the start of the play. They also have a made called Edna. This shows that they belong to a wealthy family and they can afford a maid.

Mineral Resource in Ecofriendly Invertebrate Powder

Mineral Resource in Ecofriendly Invertebrate Powder A SEARCH OF BIO MACRO AND MICRO MINERAL RESOURCE IN ECOFRIENDLY INVERTEBRATE POWDER: Eudrilus eugeniae J. Anitha, R. Selvakumar  and Indira A. Jayraaj Abstract Quantification of macro and micro nutrients from earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) was aimed and successfully elucidated in the present study. Macro minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen and sodium and micro or trace elements like iron, selenium, zinc, copper, sulphur, Nickel, Chromium and molybdenum was assayed using colorimeter, Micro-Kjeldahl method, flame photometer, EDTA Titrimetric method and specifically atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). From the study, it is evident that the earthworm powder of E. eugeniae is a rich source of macrominerals (Calcium and Magnesium) and trace elements (Iron and selenium) together with notable quantities of other important elements, indicating that this earthworm contain potentially useful quantities of many nutrients that are critical to the health of the humans and animals who consume them. Keywords: AAS, Earthworm powder, Eudrilus eugeniae, Metals, Macro minerals. Introduction Metals are nutrients in soil are absorbed by plants, transferred to animals and men by food chains, and finally return to the soil. Earthworms are found virtually worldwide and live in almost any type of soil that contains the right amounts of moisture and organic particles and of various sizes and colors [1]. It has dense nutritional content because of their soil based origin [2]. The earthworm is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine [3]. Although Wallace [4;5] reported more than 100 years ago the inclusion of earthworms in diets of Amerindian tribal) populations little is known about the nutritive value of those edible invertebrates [6]. Extracting medicinal compounds from the earthworm has traditionally been practiced by indigenous people throughout the world, more particularly in Asia [7]. Previous earthworm studies have shown its antimicrobial [3] hepatoprotective [4], anticancer [8] and scar wound healing characteristics [9]. The anti-inflammatory activity together with antiox idant properties seems to be due to the high polyphenolic content in earthworm tissue [10]. Moreover, crude earthworm extract has a thrombolytic effect that could significantly promote blood circulation to remove stasis [11]. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body, and are as essential as our need for oxygen to sustain life. Minerals are also found in organic and inorganic combinations in food. It plays a vital role for all mental and physical processes including for total well being. They are most important factors in maintaining all physiological processes, are constituents of the teeth, bones, tissues, blood, muscle, and nerve cells [12]. Therefore, since the drive of animal farmers worldwide is to source for cheaper means of nutritive dietary supplement which may replace fishmeal wholly or partly in animal diet and also supply micro and macro-nutrients [13]. Considering the above facts the present study was aimed to quantify macro and micro or trace mineral profile of earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae. Materials and methods Collection of earthworm The earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae was collected from Aarthi farms, Kondegoundanpalayam village, Pollachi Taluk, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected species were cultured under optimal conditions in compost yard at Kongunadu Arts and Science College Premises, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India, for further use. Processing of earthworm The earthworms were washed with running tap water to remove any dirt from body surface. The earthworms were kept in 0.5% NaCl at room temperature for 1-2h with few changes of solution until their digestive systems were clean. Cleaned earthworms are taken and dried at 65-800C in forced draught, stainless-steel lined ovens. Ground the samples completely to a particle size of less than 1mm, and mixed thoroughly before a sub sample of suitable size is stored for analysis. Store the samples in a clearly labelled, airtight, glass or polycarbonate containers to prevent samples from contamination. Storage at room temperature is sufficient, but long term storage of reference material requires freezing. Re-dry the samples at 650C for 12 hours prior to weighing for heavy metal analysis. Digestion of earthworm Weigh 0.5 1 g sample accurately into acid washed 250 ml digest tubes. Add 6 10 ml concentrated HNO3, swirl to mix sample and acid. Place tubes onto a Tecator 40 system, or similar set at 1000C for 2 hours. Reduce the total volume to 1 ml. The sample solution becomes thick slurry. Remove samples from digestion block; allow cooling and diluting to 10 or 20 ml with deionized water. Allow samples to settle (minimum 2 hours, preferably overnight), and filter through Whatman No. 40 filter paper or centrifuge at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes. Run at least two digest blanks with samples. The schematic representation of analytical procedure of minerals is given in figure1. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the micro and macro nutrient analytical procedure Method of mineral analysis The processed earthworm powder was subjected to quantification of macro minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen and sodium) and micro or trace elements (iron, selenium, zinc, copper, sulphur, nickel, chromium and molybdenum) using the methods of Jackson [14] for spectrophotometer (Perkin elmer Lamada EZ201), flame photometer (Cole-Parmer, 500731), EDTA Titrimetric and specifically atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi Z9000) [15;16]. Results The selected earthworm species, E. eugeniae was successfully converted into powdered and subjected to mineral analysis in that six macro minerals namely calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium and eight trace elements like iron selenium, zinc, copper, sulphur, nickel, chromium and molybdenum was noticed and are depicted in table 1 and 2. Table 1: Macrominerals content in EWP (E. eugeniae) Table 2: Microminerals or trace elements content in EWP (E. eugeniae) The trend observed in macrominerals of E. eugeniae contained a higher concentration of calcium (0.75%) which is followed by magnesium (0.66%), phosphorous (0.36%), potassium (0.33%), nitrogen (0.29%) and sodium (0.19%) respectively. Among the trace elements, iron (1.73%) was found to be maximum followed by selenium (0.96%). Apart from these two micro elements the traces of zinc (0.50%), copper (0.43%), sulphur (0.22%), nickel (0.14%), chromium (0.10%) and molybdenum (0.02%) was also noticed. Discussion Now a day’s importance of minerals is clinical known and these minerals are inorganic chemical elements not attached to a carbon atom.There is a distinction between minerals and trace minerals. If the body requires more than 100 milligrams then that substance is labelled as a mineral. If the cellular body requires less than this, it is labelled a trace mineral. Trace minerals are generally needed in quantities of only a few milligrams (mg) or micrograms ( µg) per day. The higher content of calcium in E. eugenia suggests that this species of earthworm probably has a higher capacity of storage of calcium in its tissues as suggested by the presence of calcium gland in it [17]. The earthworms also contain nutritionally significant amounts of calcium, which would be important for pregnant or lactating women, young children at risk of calcium-deficiency rickets and postmenopausal women in whom there might be concern about osteoporosis and fractures [6]. Earthworms require these minerals for their day to day physiological activities. It may be because they have to burrow or swallow their way through hard packed soil. For in order to perform these various physiological bioactivities, the earthworm must maintain a constant firing (electrical potential) of the nerve and muscle cells and needed for this is the higher calcium and magnesium concentration. Calcium and magnesium have been shown to be involved in regulating nervous excitability and muscular contraction i.e. maintaining the electrical potential in nerve and muscle cells [18]. Nitrogen occurs in all organisms, primarily in amino acids (and thus proteins) and also in the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). The human body contains about 3% by weight of nitrogen, the fourth most abundant element in the body after oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen [19]. Phosphorous works with calcium to develop and maintain strong bones, teeth and enhances use of other nutrients. It plays a key role in cell membrane integrity, intercellular communication and for proper energy processing in the body. Potassium is important in DNA and protein synthesis, Apart from this potassium is important in cell volume regulation [20]. Sodium in EWP of E. eugeniae was found to be 0.19 ppm. Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid which in conjunction with potassium forms the Na+-K+ pump which effectively maintains Na+ as an impairment extracellular solute [21]. Paloetti et al. [6] reported that all of the earthworm (kuru and motto) preparations were excellent sources of iron, having iron contents that ranged from 1050  µg-1 in kuru’s meat to 2990  µg-1 in motto’s meat. They compared the iron contents of these two earthworm preparations with those of some other meats. This means that, assuming good bioavailability of the iron in the earthworms, they could be a useful food source to mitigate the risk of iron-deficiency anaemia. Selenium is essential component of teeth, key antioxidant enzyme and necessary for normal growth and development. It has a function in detoxification of heavy metals such as mercury and plays an important role in the production of antibodies by the immune system. Zinc is an important antioxidant, which records 0.5% in the present study. It plays an essential part of more than 200 enzymes involved in digestion, metabolism, immune response and wound healing. Copper is an essential element for the formation of normal red blood cell and connective tissue formation. It acts as a catalyst to store and release iron to help form haemoglobin and also contributes to central nervous system function. Sulfur is involved in the formation of structural protein, including muscles and hair. It also severs critical role in liver detoxification. Its important function is to act as an antioxidant nutrient and oxygen handling role in growth. Nickel is found in all animal tissues and the highest concentration was noticed in nucleic acids, particularly RNA, and is involved in protein structure or function. It may activate certain enzymes related to the breakdown or utilization of glucose [22]. Chromium helps in glucose metabolism and aids to regulate blood sugar by potentiating insulin and serving as a component of glucose tolerance factor. Molybdenum contributes to normal growth and development. It is a key component in many enzyme systems involved in detoxification. In conclusion, the minerals in earthworm powder obtained from E. eugenaie are capable of satisfying a significant fraction in daily requirements of minerals which plays a significant role in human nutrition without any adverse side effects. References Ogbulie JN, Uwazuoke JC, Ogieho SI. Introductory Microbiology Practical. Springfield Publishers Nigeria. 1998; 70-120. Ansari AA, Sitaram K. An investigation into antimicrobial and antifungal properties of earthworm powder obtained from Eisenia fetida. American Journal of Food Technology 2011;6(4): 329-335. Balamurugan M, Parthasarathi K, Ranganathan LS, Cooper EL. Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. Journal of Zhejiang University- Science B 2008;9(2):141–147. Cooper EL. CAM eCAM, bioprospecting: The 21st century pyramid. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005;2(2):125–127. Wallace AR. On the insects used for food in the Indians of the Amazon. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1853;2:241–244. Wallace AR. A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 1889. Paoletti MG, Buscardo DJ, Vander Jagt A, Pastuszyn Pizzoferrato L, Huang YS, Chuang LTM, Millson H, Cerda Torres F, Glew RH. Proceedings: The Royal Society of Biological Sciences, London. 2011;249-257. Ranganathan LS. Vermibiotechnology – from soil health to human health. Agrobios. 2006. Cooper EL, Ru B, Weng N. Earthworms: sources of antimicrobial and anticancer molecules. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2004;546: 359–389. Zhang M, Li X, Liu Y, Ye F, Qiu G. Effects of extract of Dilong (Pheretima) on the scalded skin in rats. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2006;26(1): 68–71. Cooper EL, Balamurugan M, Parthasarathi K, Ranganathan LS. Earthworm paste (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, haematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2007;11(2): 77– 90. Zhang ZX, Wang FF. Effects of crude extract of earthworm on promoting blood circulation to removing stasis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1992;12(12): 741–710. Alvarez S. The Magnesium: Importance of Minerals and Trace Minerals in Human Nutrition. 2002;Pp 22. Dedeke GA, Owa SO, Olurin KB. Amino acid profile of four earthworms species from Nigeria. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am 2010;1(2): 97-102. Jackson ML. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice hall. Indian private limited. India.1973;498-516. AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (20th Ed.) USA. 1995. Lindsay WL, Norvell WA. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J 1978;42: 421-428. Owa SO. Taxonomy and Distribution of Nigerian earthworms of the family Eudrilidae and their use as possible indicators of soil properties. Ph.D thesis Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria. 1992. Ganong WF. A review of Medical Physiology (7th Ed). Prentice Hall New Jersey USA. 1995. Murray R, Harry K. Nitrogen Purfication: Pilot Plant Removal of Oxygen. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1957;49(5): 869–873. Bray JJ, Cragg PA, Maknight ADC, Mills RG. Lecture notes on human physiology, Blackwell science Ltd, UK. 1999;542. Maier RJ, Stephane L, Benoit, Seshadri S. Nickel-binding and accessory proteins facilitating Ni-enzyme maturation in Helicobacter pylori. Biometals 2007;20(3-4): 655–664.

Bullying: A Force That Must Be Stopped Essay -- Violence

Bullies are looked upon as vestibules of unhealthy tendencies while also harboring deep seeded emotions including anger and hatred. Feelings of anger and hatred can force a person down a path of darkness that only leads one way; into the pit of self-destruction. In present times, these destructive acts can cause a child to become a relic of pain and sullenness; all of these emotions create a bully. â€Å"Bullying is commonly defined as a specific type of aggressive behavior that involves intent to cause harm, occurs repeatedly, and involves a power imbalance.† (Hunt, Peters, and Rapee 156) This aggressive behavior has been constantly studied over the past ten years due to an increase in abnormal tendencies in children and teenagers. Three different categories of bullying exist, â€Å"†¦direct physical bullying, direct verbal bullying, and indirect bullying in which the person or group of persons doing the bullying is not necessarily identified.† (Hunt, Peters, and Rapee 156) All three of these menaces need to be put at halt as much as possible, for if they are allowed to run amuck all that will be produced is chaos. The responsibility of stopping a bully falls upon the teachers and staff members who are charged with ensuring the safety and security of students, and the only possible strategy to stop bullying is to ensure these people are always attentive and aware of their student’s life in the school environment. Easily one the most noticeable type of bullying that exists is the direct and physical approach. More often than not, a bully will physically approach the victim on a daily basis; whether it occurs in the hall, the lunchroom, or after hours. Interestingly enough, an instance of bullying is almost never reported to a teacher or s... ...ayground: Changes Associated With Universal Intervention, Retaliation Beliefs, And Supportive Friends." School Psychology Review 39.4 (2010): 536-551. Academic Search Premier. Web. Mior, AJ. "Do Anti Bullying Programs Work?." Ezine Articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . O'Brennan, Lindsey M., Catherine P. Bradshaw, and Anne L. Sawyer. "Examining Developmental Differences In The Social-Emotional Problems Among Frequent Bullies, Victims, And Bully/Victims." Psychology In The Schools 46.2 (2009): 100-115. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. Stop Bullying. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Utterly Global. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. .

Cations and Anion Lab Essay

Introduction In this experiment we will be mixing two ionic compounds: potassium chromate and lead nitrate; both are soluble in water. This will be demonstrating a double-replacement reaction/reactions between cations and anions. If a reaction does occur it will form a precipitate due to one of the newly formed compounds not being soluble in water. Once the experiment was completed there was what appears to be a â€Å"solid† substance remaining in the test tube. This shows that a reaction occurred. Procedure 1. Once in the ChemLab-Cations and anion reactions. You will need to obtain a 100mL beaker and 50mL of potassium chromate. This will be done by clicking on the Chemicals section of the toolbar, then selecting 1M Potassium Chromate, change the volume to 50mL, then select to add the Potassium Chromate to a new 100mL beaker. 2. Next, you will need to left click on the beaker, then select Chemicals from the toolbar, select 1M Lead Nitrate, change the volume to 50mL (ensure that the window indicated that it will be placed in the existing beaker. 3. Now you will need to filter the precipitate. Obtain an Erlenmeyer flask and a Buchner funnel. This will be done by selecting from the Equipment section on the toolbar and selecting Erlenmeyer Flask-250mL. Next, right click on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. Right click on the beaker and select Pour/Decant. Move the beaker above the funnel and you will see a white area at the bottom of the flask. 4. Lastly, you will need to record the weight of the precipitate. Right  click on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. A message will appear asking if â€Å"An amount of solid was found present in the filter, what action would you like to take?†, select place solid into 50mL Test Tube. You will now see the Test Tube with the precipitate in the bottom, right click on the Test Tube and click on show weight, the weight of the precipitate will appear, record the weight. Observations and Results There is a small amount of precipitate in the bottom of the test tube that appears yellow in color with some dots in the solution. Weight of filtered precipitate: 16.160g Due to a reaction occurring between the cations and the anions this has caused a reaction, therefore creating a â€Å"solid† that is not water soluble. Discussion When mixing the two ionic compounds: potassium chromate and lead nitrate and then filtering the solution this revealed a â€Å"solid† substance that remained. This substance is not soluble in water hence it was left behind after filtering. This shows that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions. Conclusion This lab represented a double-replacement reaction of the ionic compounds: potassium chromate and lead nitrate. Once these compounds were mixed and then filtered it revealed a â€Å"solid† substance that remained. This confirms that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions, and ultimately formed a new substance.

Participation in Extracurricular Activities Essay

The topic chosen for this Internal Assessment is â€Å"To What Extent Does Participation in Extracurricular Activities Impact on Academic Success of Form 6 Students?† PURPOSE OF RESEARCH/ BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM: After casually observing my classmates’ grades, I have seen that some of them who participate in extracurricular activities prosper in their academics whereas some that do not participate in any, seem to fall behind and also, I have observed the exact opposite. This has led me to suspect that there is a researchable problem in which I will aim to evaluate the extent to which participation in extracurricular activities impact on academic success of Form 6 students. Furthermore, this research will serve to guide students as to where to allocate their time, in relation to extracurricular activities, so they may attain better school grades. Although many studies have been conducted on the impact of extracurricular activities on academic success, my research is specifically directed to Form Six students of a particular school, St. Joseph’s Convent, St. Joseph. Most Form Six students are involved in one or more extracurricular activity, whether it is in school or outside of school. And now that we are in a critical stage in our academic development, sitting the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination, it is important to understand the value that extracurricular activities plays in helping us achieve academic success. EDUCATIONAL VALUE: This research shows a great deal of educational value. Extracurricular activities are seen as extremely important by many universities and are a requirement when applying. My study will explain why extracurricular activities are so important to the development of a student, in particular, their academic results. It will investigate and analyse the impacts extracurricular activities have on academic success from which students and their guardians can review the findings and may benefit from the information provided. It is hoped that everyone who reads my research will come away with a better understanding as to the importance of extracurricular activities and its’ impacts on academic success. TECHNICAL TERMS: 1. Extracurricular Activity- activities that impart knowledge or skill not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum. 2. Impact – influence; effect. 3. Academic Success: Favorable or prosperous results relating to education or scholarship. 4. Participation – the fact of taking part, as in some action or attempt RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. Is there any correlation between extracurricular activities and academic results? 2. What are the positive and negative impacts of extracurricular activities on students’ academics? 3. How much time spent doing extracurricular activities is most ideal for the average student? 4. Are there certain types of extracurricular activities that impact academic success more than others?

Waiting for Social Security Disability

Waiting for Social Security Disability Social Security Disability: The Ultimate Waiting Game The process for Social Security Disability is not an easy one, and it certainly is not fast. At the initial application level there are very low approval rates, extremely over-worked Social Security employees, and incredible hardships faced by the claimants. All of this mixed together results in a frustrating experience for the person who is trying to secure an income to help their family.One of the hardest parts of the entire process is the waiting. You can’t work, you have no income, the bills are piling up, and there are notices coming in almost weekly. It seems like there is no end in sight.After you submit your request for a hearing, the biggest wait time begins. The wait times for a hearing vary between each office. Here are Michigan’s hearing offices and their average wait times for cases that were heard in September, 2016:Detroit  15 monthsFlint  18 monthsGrand Rapids  18 monthsLansing  17 monthsLivonia  13 monthsMt. Pleasant  19 monthsOak Park  16 monthsIn comparison, the shortest waiting period belongs to Fort Smith, AR at 8 months, and the longest waiting period is in Ponce, Puerto Rico at 27 months (25 months in Buffalo, NY is the highest for states). The average wait time for all of the hearing offices is 17.7 months which shows that Michigan is experiencing roughly average wait times.One of the biggest contributing factors is the huge backlog of cases. Since there is such a low approval rating on the initial applications, there is a huge number of people filing appeals. The more people with appeals pending in a certain area, the longer the wait time.There is a light at the end of the tunnel though. For the 2016 fiscal year, more hearings were heard than scheduled.If you are finding yourself in a hardship situation, you may be able to speed up your case. This is never guaranteed, and there are no definite set of guidelines for approval, but it is always worth a shot.Additionally, if you need help with food, bills, or gen eral living expenses, please check out the Resources area of our website, contact the United Way at 411, or look into local charities and churches.