Literal translation Essay

Domestication and foreignization are strategies in translation, regarding the degree to which translators make a text conform to the target culture. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. [1] These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years, but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti, who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. [1][2] Venuti’s innovation to the field was his view that the dichotomy between domestication and foreignization was an ideological one; he views foreignization as the ethical choice for translators to make. [1] Theory [edit] In his 1998 book The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference, Venuti states that â€Å"Domestication and foreignization deal with ‘the question of how much a translation assimilates a foreign text to the translating language and culture, and how much it rather signals the differences of that text'†. According to Lawrence Venuti, every translator should look at the translation process through the prism of culture which refracts the source language cultural norms and it is the translator’s task to convey them, preserving their meaning and their foreignness, to the target-language text. Every step in the translation process—from the selection of foreign texts to the implementation of translation strategies to the editing, reviewing, and reading of translations—is mediated by the diverse cultural values that circulate in the target language. He estimates that the theory and practice of English-language translation has been dominated by submission, by fluent domestication. He strictly criticized the translators who in order to minimize the foreignness of the target text reduce the foreign cultural norms to target-language cultural values. According to Venuti, the domesticating strategy â€Å"violently† erases the cultural values and thus creates a text which as if had been written in the target language and which follows the cultural norms of the target reader. He strongly advocates the foreignization strategy, considering it to be â€Å"an ethnodeviant pressure on [target-language cultural] values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. † Thus an adequate translation would be the one that would highlight the foreignness of the source text and instead of allowing the dominant target culture to assimilate the differences of the source culture, it should rather signal these differences. [3]

Dtlls †Enabling Learning and Assessment Essay

Coursework 1 – Reflective Account of Peer Assessment Activity Within this piece of work I will be reflecting on an assessment activity used by a peer whilst I was observing their lesson for A-level psychology. The learners were all aged 17-19 and the lesson was on theories of depression and was a revision session for learners before their exams the following month. The assessment activity was an informal formative assessment where the students were placed into groups of two or three learners and were then given an area of the subject matter, the learners then had to create revision notes as a group on a piece of flipchart paper using their own notes and text books. The learners were then given 15 minutes to revise these notes, once this time was up the tutor then asked the learners to all find a new partner and then teach their revised notes to their peer. The ‘tutor’ peer would try to give all their key notes without looking at the flipchart, but some learners we re allowed when they got stuck on certain points. The ‘student’ peer would have to take written notes to aid with their revision. The learners would then swap in their pairs and the roles would be reversed, after both learners had shared their revision notes they would then swap again to find a new learner to pair with, this process continued until all learners had a full set of revision notes for the subject. Brown et al on the subject of assessment ‘validity’ state ‘It is often described as the match between what is intended to be measured and what is measured.’ (Brown et al., 1997, p.239). I believe this activity was very valid as it allowed the tutor to assess the notes the learners would be revising from for a summative exam in the future. The aims of this assessment were explained in full detail and the learners understood what was expected of them from this activity. The point of the activity was for peer learning to take place to aid revision in the subject of theories of depression; this was definitely achieved by the end of the lesson as every learner had a full set of revision notes on each aspect of the subject confirming the validity of the assessment. The students were in charge of creating their own notes in each group and then passing these notes onto their peers, this does cause some reliability issues as with all learners some students may have put more effort into their revision notes than others. Therefore you may get a learner who has put as much information into his or hers notes as possible giving a vast amount of knowledge on a certain area of the subject and they may then  receive from a peer basic knowledge of another area of the subject. Reece and Walker talk of ‘reliability’ as ‘the ability of a test to consistently measure what it is supposed to measure.’ (Reece and Walker, 2007, p.348), I believe this method of assessment does not consistently measure but the tutor did circulate the classroom at all times aiding learners if they were finding it hard to put key points down on paper. This method does however aid differentiation as less able learners were given the chance to gain knowledge of the subject from more able learners. The more able learners also had the chance to practice and develop their subject knowledge aiding revision in the class. Word Count: 520 References Brown, G., Bull, J. and Pendlebury, M. (1997) Assessing Students Learning in Higher Education. Oxon, p.239. Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, Training and Learning: A Practical Guide. 6th ed. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Ltd, p.321. Coursework 2 – Assessment Information within own Organisation Assessment information within my own organisation is recorded from the beginning of a learner joining the college. Every potential student as part of the interview stage takes part in a minimum core assessment; this is a basic screening test to assess the student’s literacy and numeracy skills. This initial assessment allows us to correctly place the learner on the right level of course. These results are placed in the college database, following the enrolment of each learner the minimum core results form a group differentiation profile for each class; put together by the course leader. This profile is used by the tutor so they can differentiate learning tasks and understand individual learner’s needs from the very beginning. Once the course commences formative assessments are created by the tutor and used in each lesson. Each learner receives feedback from these assessments and if needed, targets can be set so the learner is clear on what is expected of them. Validity and reliability of assessments used during a course are checked at regular standardisation meetings within curriculum teams, these take place to sample marking of formative and summative theory assessments. Allowing tutors to internally verify samples of learners work so all tutors  in the department are consistent in their marking. Reece and Walker explain ‘validity’ as ‘how well the test measures what it is supposed to measure† (Reece and Walker, 2007, p.321). Within these meetings the team will also evaluate and create formative and summative assessments for future use; a chance to share good practice. The meetings are also used to discuss practical assessments as different tutors can have differing views on as sessment criteria; this aids the reliability of the assessments. Summative assessments are entered on a standardised tracking document which every tutor in the department can access. Updating this tracking document then enables each tutor or the head of department to see the progress of every learner helping to identify any ‘at risk’ students who may need more attention or end up not completing the course. This document is shared with the learners; they can see what still needs to be achieved to gain their qualification and how far they have come in terms of progression, this aids motivation in the classroom and also a sense of achievement to see how much they have already completed. The learners have logbooks provided by the awarding body VTCT, this is where tutors record all practical summative assessment and sign off to say they have met the criteria set by VTCT. The logbook is used by the learner to build a portfolio of consultations forms and photographs from practical’s, written assignments and any online tests the learner has to complete during the course. The college also uses Pro-Monitor a computerised package which tutors can record individual learner progress and set targets for learners to achieve by a certain time. Learners can access Pro-Monitor and input individual targets they wish to achieve, it can also show them graphs and visual aids on how much of their qualification they have achieved, this is brilliant for more visual learners who may find written feedback harder to understand. These different ways of recording assessment information are vital in enabling tutors to identify when students are falling behind and planning for future development, a side effect of not using these implements could be learners nearing the end of their course without completing assessments that are mandatory. References Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, Training and Learning- a Practical Guide. 6th ed. Sunderland: Business Edition Publishers, p.321. Coursework 3 – Evaluation of Assessment Activities Assessment is defined by Gravells and Simpson as ‘a measure of learning, at a given point in time. Relevant skills, knowledge and/or attitudes can be measured towards a subject or qualification.’ (Gravells and Simpson, 2008). There are three main types of assessment; initial, formative and summative; these types of assessment can then be informal in the way of crosswords, gapped hand-outs, quizzes, discussions and journals or they can be formal in the way of exams, assignments, tests and observations. Formative assessment, used properly, is such an integral part of the teaching and learning process that it could be argued that it shouldn’t even be called assessment. When we consider teaching and learning methods, many of them – questioning, case studies, and projects – are also assessment methods used as learning checks. Scales states ‘Assessment for learning is based on the belief that everyone can learn and formative assessment is a key strat egy to help learners improve and develop’ (Scales, 2010) With this in mind the first assessment activity to be evaluated is a crossword used as an informal summative assessment. Crosswords are a simple and easy way of assessing learner’s knowledge during a unit. Crosswords can be uploaded to the college interactive website ‘cloud’, learners can then download the activity as a form of homework or as an extension task during directed studies. These can then be handed in to the tutor for marking. A more effective method is to use a crossword as learning check during a lesson; once the learners have completed the crossword they can then discuss as a group the answers. The tutor can also use extended questioning, asking more able learners to explain in more depth an answer to help aid differentiation. Feedback from learners suggests that crosswords are a challenging way of testing knowledge and encourages the learners to look at subject matter in different ways without having to sit tests all the time, which can be very daunting for certain learners. Something gained from feedback from a group of level 1’s, is that because a majority of the learners have learning needs which affects their literacy; they find the crossword in itself challenging to complete. To overcome this it has been noted that providing learners with a word bank of key words for each unit has helped in completing such tasks as  crosswords, as the learner still needs to know which word they are looking for but aids in developing their spelling for the future. Feedback is the most important part of formative assessment; research suggests that immediate oral feedback is the most effective, whether this is done by one on ones or as a group discussion. The feedback provided should be developmental and make the learners extend their thinking and learning to a higher level and should also focus on positive points first before moving onto more ‘developmental’ area’s for the learner to consider. By conducting formative assessment it can ensure that the teacher gains a full understanding of the learners existing capabilities so that realistic goals can then be set and additional support if needed can be organised. With this feedback individual targets can then be created for each learner and placed on the college Pro-Monitor system where the learners can access their targets as and when needed to see how they are developing in the course. Learners are also encouraged to create their own personal targets on Pro-Monitor, using feedback from formative assessments it allows learners to realise key strengths and weaknesses to help in creating these targets. The use of this feedback is very much like the idea of ‘scaffolding’, Bruner (Wood et al., 1976) coined this term in the 1950’s and believed using a more knowledgeable other to challenge the learner to achieve more by providing ‘scaffolding’ to help them climb to higher levels. Learners in dialogue with teachers can see where they want to reach but initially may need help in the form of questions, prompts and pointers to get there. Summative assessment is the assessment of learning and it leads to the gaining of qualifications and grades. Weeden suggests ‘Summative assessment is a snapshot judgement that records what a learner can do at a particular time.’ (Weeden et al., 2002, p.19) This process of qualification is important for learners and it is good to keep in mind the emotional aspects and design of assessment in relation to validity and reliability. With this in mind the second assessment activity to be evaluated is a practical observation used as a formal summative assessment. Practical observations are used throughout all 3 NVQ levels in beauty therapy as the subject is extremely vocationally based. Beauty therapy NVQ’s are broken down into units, for each unit there will be practical assessments that have to be completed at the end of the unit, where the learner is observed and assessed by the teacher. VTCT are  the awarding body for the beauty therapy NVQ’s and they set out the practical assessment criteria for each unit, this criteria is printed in the learners logbooks which is where each assessment is signed off if a pass has been achieved. To aid the reliability of the practical assessments all beauty lecturers at the college come together at standardisation meetings where the criteria is discussed in detail and a learner marking sheet is created which includes each of the areas the learner has to meet to gain a pass in the assessment. If this was not done each teacher could interpret the assessment criteria in different ways therefore learners would not be assessed fairly and reliably. Petty states ‘the same examiner should give the same mark if they unknowingly mark a script twice on different days’ (Petty, 2009), using standardisation this means that even with practical based assessments the results should always be the same. To help learners during practical assessments learning outcomes are written on the whiteboard to highlight key points they will need to show competency in or do to achieve a pass in the assessment. During the observation the teacher will also ask questions to the learners to help achieve the unit criteria, this is also where differentiation of the learners can take place as more able learners will be asked more open-ended and higher order questions then less able learners who will be asked standard criteria questions. The use of cameras in practical assessments is something that is still fairly new and is being experimented with but does seem to show some success. As part of the observation learners have to keep their working area clean and tidy and show due regard for health and safety, the teacher can now take pictures of each learners working area before the assessment takes place and then at the commencement of the assessment. With regards to practical assessments like nail art, make-up and face painting the finished article can also be documented by a photo that the learner can then be used in their own portfolio to be sent to the awarding body. From these pictures the teacher can then feedback to the learner at the end of the assessment any positive points of the practical and also any areas that the learner would need to further develop, the learner can then have these pictures as a visual aid to understand how they can improve for the next assessment and also works as a good revision aid for the future. Another approach to embrace ICT in assessments is to video learners assessments so they can themselves evaluate  and feedback on client care and professionalism during their observation. It has been noted that using cameras in practical observations has been received well by the learners, they have commented that it brings a new dimension to receiving feedback and allows them to visualise areas they need to focus on improving and reinforces the assessment criteria for them too. Feedback from practical observation is given individually immediately after the learners assessment, feedback is given verbally with key points both positive and ones for development are written on the bottom of the consultation form the learner completed during the assessment (these consultation forms also go into the learners portfolio). Practical assessments can leave a lot to interpretation by the teacher so it is important the practical marking sheet is filled in during the observations and a pass or fail is determined by how many of the boxes the learner showed competence in, depending on which level the learner is currently studying determines the number of criteria they need to meet. Learners can feel very nervous and daunted by practical assessments at the beginning of the year as it the proverbial ‘unknown’, formative practical assessments do help to calm learners worries as they are a ‘trial run’ of the summative assessment, also setting out some time to explain and discuss the unit assessment criteria and what will be expected of them from this. During the practical observations themselves the use of cameras also seems to help learners forget the formalness of the observation and relax into the assessment. In conclusion all assessment methods should be a positive contribution to learning and good assessment activities are important to aiding teaching. However assessments are only worthwhile if they assist the learner and teacher to move through the learning outcomes of the unit, otherwise it is irrelevant. Designing assessment activities which stretch the learner’s abilities and promotes their development is a skill that comes with experience and understanding of the current learners on your course and it is definitely something that will always be tweaked and changed throughout your career. Word Count: 1,594 References Gravells, A. and Simpson, S. (2008) Planning and enabling Learning in the Lifelonf Learning Sector. Exeter: Learning matters, p.50. Petty, G. (2009) Teaching Today – A practical guide. 4th ed. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Scales, P. (2010) Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education, p.180. Weeden, P., Winter, J. and Broadfoot, P. (2002) Assessment: What’s in it for schools?. London: Routledge Falmer, p.19. Wood, D., Bruner, J. and Ross, G. (1976) The role of tutoring in problem solving. In: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry., pp.89-100.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of In Depth Interviews Psychology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of In Depth Interviews Psychology Essay Health, social work, education and other social activities are considered as social sciences and fields of practice because they influence peoples lives every day (Merriam 2009). Due to humans curiosity and eager to learn, we choose to discover and learning more about ones practice rather than improving ones practice. Through qualitative research, it can leading us to ask more researchable question, not only find the solution, but also discover why it happen and how to overcome it Definition of Qualitative Research Qualitative research is specific relevance to the study of social relations, due to the fact of the diversification of life worlds. According to Hennink (2010), qualitative research is a broad umbrella term that covers a wide range of techniques and philosophies. It can examine peoples experiences in details, by using a specific set of research methods such as focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, visual methods, observations, content analysis and life histories o r biographies. One of the distinctive features of qualitative research is to identify the issue from the perspective of study participants. Through interpretation, understand the meanings that towards the behavior, events and objects. The skill of qualitative researcher must be expert so that they can extract the information and meaning form the given data, convert them into useful information such as report or presentation. Tools of Qualitative Research In-depth Interviews In-depth interviews are open-ended and guided discussion that involves conducting thorough individual interviews with a small number of respondents. The main objective is to discover their perspectives on a particular situation, idea and program (Boyce 2006). In-depth interviews are used to explore and understand about a persons thoughts, ideas and behaviours. Through interview, information and outcome data can be obtained, thus understanding what happen in a specific program and why it happened. When to use? In- depth interviews can be used when making complementary method strategy to a survey. Researchers had to develop techniques and strategies for working with groups of children and young people. In addition, in-depth interviews will be the best if someone are interested in individual information which regarding several topics of interest that can be attained only through an informal conversation alone with the child informant. When not to use? As long as the interview person is children, it is important to treat them as active participants, rather than mere respondents. It is essential to give them the opportunity to explain their responses in the interviewing process. Their emotion must be concern, so that they will not feel like been force giving the right answer. Advantages and disadvantages of In-depth Interviews The primary advantage of in-depth interviews is that much comprehensive information can be obtained through other data collection methods such as surveys. Survey can create a friendly environment for people to fill out their ideas and thought, thus the results and feedbacks can be obtained more easily and accurately. The secondary advantage of in-depth interviews is to allow interviewers to understand deeper with the participant, and gain more extra knowledge and insight than focus group. Thirdly, the faster process had become one advantage of in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews can enable the recruiting and scheduling process easier and faster.

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management Essay

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management research. In what circumstances should non-probability samp - Essay Example A correctly premeditated probability sample, however, offers a reliable means of gathering information. This is in regards to a population without investigating every member or section (Hawkins, 2001). Frequently, researchers are employed under strict time restraints, which make conducting a survey cumbersome. For example, national polling companies frequently must deliver information on the nation's perceptions of recent events or matters. These polling firms have a habit of limiting their national sample magnitudes to roughly 1,500 respondents. When appropriately conducted, a probability model of this magnitude provides trustworthy information. This information is usually believed to have a very small border of error for the entire population. A probability sample inclines to be more problematic and costly to facilitate. Nevertheless, probability samples exist as the only sort of samples where the outcomes can be comprehended. This is usually from the sample to the inhabitants. Add itionally, probability samples permit the researcher to analyse the accuracy of the approximations acquired from the sample and to stipulate the sampling miscalculation. Nonprobability samples, on the other hand, do not tolerate the study's findings to be comprehensive, that is from the sample to the population. ... This type of sample procedure can be used effectively when the management has no access, or the list of departments under study are not stipulated. For example, in situations where there is no list of departments who prefer a certain issue over the other. In situations where the target population is hard to be identified or very specific (for example, executive directors hired by major companies), this type of sampling method is the most appropriate to be used. In the circumstances the sampling base is not necessary, non-probability sampling is the most widely used type of sampling. Moreover, this type of sampling is less expensive when compared to random ones, in addition, it allows the researchers gain the results quicker than random (Olsen, 2005). This is vital in the management industry because time is money. The less time used and the degree of accuracy obtained is what most businesses are usually after. As a result, this sample method is most utilized when the research topic is difficult. On the contrary, as more units are added into the sample arbitrarily, the probabilities of the researchers to access the sample is drastically reduced hence cannot be calculated. This might generate a distorted sample hence disadvantageous to the researcher. Moreover, because of the style of unit sampling from the sample, no guarantee exist to the notion that all the simple units of people have the chance to reach the sample. In general, the benefit of nonprobability sampling is the comfort in which it can be directed. Nonprobability samples have a habit of being less complex and less time consuming when compared to probability samples. As a result, if the researcher has no purpose of simplifying

Interpersonal Communication Speech or Presentation

Interpersonal Communication - Speech or Presentation Example Interpersonal communication includes sending and receiving messages between two or more individuals. This form of communication involves all aspects of communication such as listening, asserting, persuading and non-verbal communication among others. In addition, the individuals communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on the individuals they are communicating with (DeVito 5). This asserts that the interpersonal communication skills involved when an individual is communicating with a family member is different when the same individual is communicating with a friend. In successful interpersonal communication, the senders and recipients of messages are supposed to understand the messages, their meanings and implications. In addition, interpersonal thinking plays a crucial role in establishing concentration and certain problem solving skills (DeVito 8). Interpersonal communication is regarded as the most private form of communication. Some of the examples of interpersonal communication include day dreams, talking to oneself and comprehending a book article. In fact, this information occurs in an informal setting. The observer can also use cues of posture, dressing or even facial expressions to make an impression on the role of the other individual. This is because individuals have the ability to send and receive messages in a non-verbal form. In the movie â€Å"You’ve Got Mail†, Meg Ryan fell in love with Tom Hanks through the internet. This was after a series of disclosures that were made using the email. In this case, the two characters forge a relationship just like individuals who are having a face to face interaction. These characters got attracted to each other and eventually fell in love. These individuals were attracted to daily conversations in the cyberspace. However, the email is continually becoming the playground, birthplace and graveyard for several personal relationships (DeVito 9). There are several elements of interpers onal communication. These elements include the communicators, the message, feedback, noise, communication channel and the context. Based on the movie, the two-way communication process between Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks was an interactive process. They used the email as a channel to convey their messages. The context of the message entails the love affair between the two individuals. In this case, there are several forms of noise including the use of complicated jargon, inattention, disinterest, errors, cultural differences and inappropriate body language (DeVito 12). As stated in the communication theory, noise has a highly significant role in interpersonal communication. The interpersonal communication in the movie is a two-way communication which involves two parties. In this two-way communication, the sender of the message is receptive to feedback. The one-way communication is difficult and time-consuming. Furthermore, in the movie â€Å"You’ve Got Mail†, they use the egalitarian style which involves sharing of information other than directing behavior. The egalitarian style is employed in order to stimulate the opinions and ideas of other individuals to arrive at a mutual understanding. From an interpersonal communication perspective, the trends in the face to face communication are considered as the most crucial ingredient in the development of interpersonal relationships (DeVito 18). Development in the communicat

Advertising as social communication -- semiotics Essay

Advertising as social communication -- semiotics - Essay Example Karl Marx has defined commodities as products that are independent in nature and have some form of value that humans need or enjoy (Economic Manuscripts, 1993). The ad that is chosen for this particular topic is that of Marlboro cigarettes which are quite known and popular in the world being one of the most bought of that particular commodity. Cigarettes are now sold worldwide and a large part of the global population smoke and the tobacco companies are trying harder now than ever to maintain the brand loyalties that they have earned over the years from their customers. Not only this, companies strive now at a greater pace to perhaps snag a few customers from other brands or to pull in those who have recently begun smoking. So one can say that Marlboro cigarettes are a lifestyle commodity and one of which the exchange value sign value has been overshadowed by its use value. As in the marketing world exchange is a major component and for any exchange to take place there has to be knowledge in the minds of the consumers or buyers and sellers. This particular ad attempts to project to the general public that their particular need can be complimented by the use of this particular brand of cigarette. Thought a lot of advertisements may rely on the idea of abstraction to convey their message across to the public there is a certain risk that is to be ascertained when this route is taken. Not everyone may be on the same page as those who created the advertisement and the whole concept may not even be mean what the people behind the desk even wanted. There is no real form of abstraction in this particular advertisement that has been published by Marlboro. The simple idea is to introduce the product and a male figure has been introduced with who the male population at large is sensed to be on the same level with. The typical western theme that has been employed by this particular company again is highlighted as a sense of manliness is trying to

The impact of London congestion charge,an economic view Literature review

The impact of London congestion charge,an economic view - Literature review Example However, despite this, the actual implementation and running costs of the congestion charge have been suggestibly much higher than the benefit (Evans, 2007). Figures from TfL suggest that the revenue:cost ratio is extremely high (Leape, 2006). For example, upkeep of the monitoring systems requires technical experts which cost a lot to employ. The video cameras used as part of the system are also extremely costly and require maintenance and protection from vandalism (Leape, 206). Secondly, there is a lot of bureaucracy involved in chasing up congestion charge dodgers and others who falsely abuse the exemption system. Finally, there are other effects that can be judged by approaching the congestion charge economically, such as the effect on jobs and economic activity within the 22km2 zone (Leape, 2006). It is interesting to look at the effects that the congestion charge has had on retail within the zone. One paper (Quddus, Camel & Bell, 2007) looked at a John Lewis department store wit hin the zone, on Oxford Street. The data looked at four years between 2001 and 2004, which included three years of pre-congestion data and one year post-congestion data. It was decided to stop collecting sales data after this point as the opening hours changed, which is a good way of avoiding bias in this type of economic study. However, there may still be bias present from only evaluating one year of congestion charge sales data, as three years of pre-congestion charge data was examined giving a broader picture of the economic scope of the store. Despite this, the study produced some interesting results. After controlling for Gross Value Added (GVA) specific to London and...This paper offers a thorough analysis of the all-round impacts of the imposition of congestion charge in London. Not only economic, but also social and environmental impact is considered. The paper attempt to provide how the congestion charge assist in improving environment. It also evaluates the impact on unemp loyment changes facilitated by charging. One of the main aspects of transportation in London that was intended to be improved by the congestion charge was the economics. There is evidence that there has been a positive economic effect seen by introducing the charge, with an estimated 90% of pre-charge congestion costs being eliminated by profits. However, despite this, the actual implementation and running costs of the congestion charge have been suggestibly much higher than the benefit. In terms of the environment, there were significant reductions in traffic flows within the congestion zone area between 2003 and 2006. There are many different approaches to the congestion charge and how it has had an effect on London from an economic standpoint. These have all given various different results within the literature, although these are partly dependent on the methodologies used and the time periods examined. One of the main issues that can come from assessing a project like the congestion charge is that it will be evaluated in the short-term, and there may be additional costs or benefits to be seen within the medium- or long-term which cannot be assessed by current results.

Summary of New Cardiovascular Drug Article Essay

Summary of New Cardiovascular Drug Article - Essay Example This is a disease of the cardiovascular system and the heart in particular. The physiological system under discussion in this article is the cardiovascular system. In general, the cardiovascular system is the main element that is concerned with the transportation of substances around the body and hence enhancing the exchange process. Substances like nutrients wastes, gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed across the cells and the cell function is sustained (Marieb & Hoehn 2007). The cells form the body tissues while the tissues constitute organs and organs form the organ systems. The heart is cone shaped and lies on the side of the diaphragm inclined to the right side (shoulder) and having the widest part upwards. Its about the size of a fist roughly 9cm in width and 12 cm long. The muscles provide the force of pumping blood as it's the biological pump pericardium covers the whole heart. Heart muscles are specially designed for the pumping purpose and are called cardiac muscles. The muscles are striated and connected to form almost one block termed syncytium. The heart is divided into right and left chambers and further into two auricles and two ventricles. Ventricles pump blood outside the heart and heart valves direct their flow (Marieb & Hoehn 2007). Cardiovascular system also includes the blood

Self - evalation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self - evalation - Essay Example In the absence of the person and nature of Jesus Christ as God incarnate, the message of Jesus would lose the uniqueness, authority and applicability to man attributed to it. The message of Jesus Christ in turn remains of crucial importance since liberation theology is centered on the message of Jesus Christ. As a sociopolitical movement which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ as being relational and key to emancipation from adverse or oppressive economic, political and social conditions. For instance, the Sermon on the Mountain places great emphasis on the poor and the less privileged, and thereby setting stage for liberation theology, given that liberation theology is deemed by its proponents as an interpretation of Christian teachings and faith through the hope, struggles and suffering of the poor. Normally, liberation theology critiques the society perceived to be oppressive, interprets the Christian message, through the worldview of the poor and is done by detractors such as Christianized Marxists. In this light, it becomes clear to me, that Christianity is far much interested in man's liberation. Another insight that I gleaned from classroom situation was the liberating power of the message of Christ. This was exemplified in the manner Christianity has been able to break forces, institutions and walls of segregation such as the caste system in India, the color bar in South Africa and racial discrimination and the use of racial discrimination in America, particularly, the slaveholding South. The eradication of these walls of separation is in turn underpinned by the manner in which the Christian doctrine intermarries readily with concepts such as universal brotherhood. The concept of universal brotherhood in the Christian doctrine is rested not only on humanity drawing from Adam as the first parent, but also from Christ, the second Adam bringing humanity into newness of spiritual life and oneness in the family of God. Another value that I gained from the classroom experience is the anthropocentric nature of Christianity and its teachings. Even Levin points out that so integrally woven into the benefit and wellness of man that the Gospel of Christ and the Christian message rest upon man’s welfare. Christ gives out His life in His own volition to secure man’s eternal destiny. Secondly, although salvation that Christ secures for mankind is free and a work of God’s grace, yet the anthropocentric nature of the Gospel is to be manifest in man being benevolent towards his brother, as a testimony to his conversion. Mathew 25: 34-46 and James 2:14-26 underscore the importance of dealing benevolently with the poor and the less privileged in the society as assign of true conversation. Charitable foundations such as Henry Dunant’s Red Cross and Red Crescent, and initiatives such as the ones carried out by St. Francis of Assisi and Mother Teresa draw their inspiration from these lines of teaching (Levin, 25). Aga inst this backdrop, I can say confidently that the classroom experience has helped me gain a wider scope of the role Christianity plays in dispensing socioeconomic and political emancipation and empowerment. Part 2 Self -Evaluation about Community Based Learning Using the Reflections Paper Sent [1, 2 3 of Hallmarks (immigration justice)] One of the values that about community

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay Example Investors are gaining confidence despite natural disasters and bombings due to the opportunities presented in the economic reforms. The Indonesian Rupiah is gaining strength against the dollars although its stability cannot really be gauged as of the present. With the country's membership to global organizations such as APEC, GATT/WTO and the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), several trade barrier laws have been eliminated and import tariff has been considerably reduced. Even the processing of licensing requirements has been made easier and faster as they move towards the creation of investor-friendly environment. Several major sea and air ports have been opened and free trading zones have been established. Since government is extending its full support to its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) arm, investors can expect a more relaxed and positive atmosphere as they put up businesses in Indonesia. Bureaucratic red tape is still existent, though, so this is one of the things that we wil l have to deal with as it can definitely affect our time plan and even our budget. The country's location is ideal for trading because it is between Asia and Australia. There lies a big potential for marketing our product especially to countries such as China, Philippines, Malaysia, and of course, Australia.

The Byzantine Empire Essay Example for Free

The Byzantine Empire Essay The Byzantine Empire, sometimes known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), originally founded as Byzantium. It survived the 5th century fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire. Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empires east and west divided. In 285, the emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) partitioned the Roman Empires administration into eastern and western halves. The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including north Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582–602), the Empires eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilized. However, his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empires resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. In a matter of years the Empire l ost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline. It struggled to recover during the 12th century, but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261, Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its  remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Empire. The Major Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire Antagonism between the Senate and the Emperor Decline in Morals Political Corruption and the Praetorian Guard Fast expansion of the Empire Constant Wars and Heavy Military Spending Barbarian Knowledge of Roman Military Tactics Failing Economy Unemployment of the Working Classes (The Plebs) The Mob and the cost of the Games Decline in Ethics and Values Slave Labor Natural Disasters Christianity Barbarian Invasion The Antagonism between the Senate and the Emperor. The Roman Emperor had the legal power to rule Rome’s religious, civil and military affairs with the Senate acting as an advisory body. The emperor had power over life and death. The powerful, spoilt, wealthy Roman Emperors inevitably became corrupt and many lived a debauched, deluded and immoral lifestyle. The Roman Empire saw many examples of antagonism between the Senators and the Emperors. Either the Senators didnt like the Emperor or the Emperors was at odds with the Senators. One of the main causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire was the Decline in Morals. The decline in morals, especially in the rich upper classes, nobility and the emperors, had a devastating impact on the Romans. Immoral and promiscuous sexual behavior including adultery and orgies. Emperors such as Tiberius kept groups of young boys for his pleasure, incest by Nero who  also had a male slave castrated so he could take him as his wife; Elagabalus who forced a Vestal Virgin into marriage, Commodus with his harems of concubines enraged Romans by sitting in the theatre or at the games dressed in a womans garments. The decline in morals also affected the lower classes and slaves. Religious festivals such as Saturnalia and Bacchanalia where sacrifices, ribald songs, lewd acts and sexual promiscuity were practiced. Bestiality and other lewd and sexually explicit acts were exhibited in the Colosseum arena to amuse the mob. Brothels and forced prostitution flourished. Widespread gambling on the chariot races and gladiatorial combats. Massive consumption of alcohol. The sadistic cruelty towards both man and beasts in the arena. One of the main causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire was the Political Corruption and the Praetorian Guard. The power of the Praetorian Guard, the elite soldiers who made up the bodyguard of the emperor, led to political corruption and grew to such an extent that this massive group of soldiers decided on whether an emperor should be disposed of and who should become the new emperor! The story of Sejanus, who was the commander of the Praetorian Guard during the reign of Tiberius, illustrates the extent of the power of the Praetorians. At one point the Praetorian Guard sold at auction the throne of the world to the highest bidder. Another cause, was the Fast expansion of the Empire. The rapid growth in the lands conquered by the Empire led to the need to defend the borders and territories of Rome. The people of the conquered lands, most of whom were referred to as Barbarians, hated the Romans. Taxes on the non-Romans were high and constantly increased. Frequent rebellions arose. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Constant Wars and Heavy Military Spending. Constant warfare required heavy military spending. The Roman army became over-stretched and needed more and more soldiers. The barbarians, who had been conquered, and other foreign mercenaries were allowed to join the Roman army. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Barbarian  Knowledge of Roman Military Tactics. The knowledge that the Barbarians gained of Roman style of warfare and military tactics by serving in the Roman army were eventually turned against the Empire and led to the sack of Rome by the Visigoths led by an ex-army soldier, Alaric. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Failing Economy and high inflation. The Government was constantly threatened by bankruptcy due to the cost of defending the Empire, the failing economics, heavy taxation and high inflation was another cause for the fall of the Roman Empire. The majority of the inhabitants of the Roman Empire failed to share in the incredible prosperity of Rome. The amount of gold sent to the orient to pay for luxury goods led to a shortage of gold to make Roman coins. Roman currency was devalued to such an extent that a system of bartering returned to one of the greatest civilizations the world had ever known. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Unemployment of the Working Classes. Cheap slave labor resulted in the unemployment of the Plebs in Rome who became dependent on hand-outs from the state. The Romans attempted a policy of unrestricted trade but this led to the Plebs being unable to compete with foreign trade. The government was therefore forced to subsidize the working class Romans to make up the differences in prices. This resulted in thousands of Romans choosing just to live on the subsides sacrificing their standard of living with an idle life of ease. The massive divide between the rich Romans and the poor Romans increased still further. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Mob and the cost of the Gladiatorial Games. If the thousands of unemployed Romans became bored this led to civil unrest and rioting in the streets. The Mob needed to be amused spectacular gladiatorial games had to be provided. The cost of the gladiatorial games was born by the Emperors, and therefore the state, and corrupt politicians who sponsored the games to curry favor and support with the Mob. The cost of the gladiatorial games eventually came to one third of the total income of the Roman Empire. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Decline in Ethics and Values. Life became cheap bloodshed led to more bloodshed and extreme cruelty. The values, the ideals, customs, traditions and institutions, of the Romans declined. The basic principles, standards and judgments about what was valuable or important in life declined. The total disregard for human and animal life resulted in a lack of ethics a perverted view of what was right and wrong, good and bad, desirable and undesirable. Any conformity to acceptable rules or standards of human behavior was being lost. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was the Slave Labor. The number of slaves increased dramatically during the first 2 centuries of the Roman Empire. The Romans dependency on slave labor led not only to the decline in morals, values and ethics but also to the stagnation of any new technology to produce goods more efficiently. Romans could rely on the slave manpower for all their needs but this reliance inhibited technological change and growth. The treatment of slaves led to rebellion and several Servile (Slave) Wars, the most famous being the revolt led by the gladiator slave, Spartacus. In the later centuries of the Empire and the advent of Christianity the attitudes towards slaves changed. With manumission (the act of freeing a slave) the number of slaves declined together with the manpower that Rome was dependent upon. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire were the Natural Disasters. During the time of the Roman Empire there were not only foreign wars, civil wars, street fights, fires and revolts there were also natural disasters such as plagues, famines and earthquakes. As in all periods and societies the people looked for someone to blame and different religions to turn to. One of the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire was Christianity. Life and the future seemed hopeless for the millions of people who were ruled by Rome where an early death was almost inevitable. Christianity taught the belief in an afterlife which gave hope and courage to the  desperate. Eventually the Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great, proclaimed himself a Christian and issued an edict promising the Christians his favor and protection. Attitudes in the Roman Empire changed from being antagonistic to becoming calm. In conclusion the last of the causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire was the Barbarian Invasion. Rome had fierce foreign enemies. There were great Barbarian armies consisting of warriors such as the Visigoths, Huns and the Vandals. The final death blow to the Roman Empire was inflicted by these Barbarians. The city of Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410 and by the Vandals in 455 signaling the disintegration of Roman authority and the fall of the Roman Empire.

Composting and Plant Growth Essay Example for Free

Composting and Plant Growth Essay Vermicomposting, as an industrial process, was originally developed to remove unwanted organic materials from the agricultural and industrial waste streams. The derived product: earthworm castings, is now recognized as a high value material which, when blended with soil, can restore soil tilth by correcting the imbalances caused by the over-utilization of petrol-chemical based fertilizers; thus enabling crops and plants to naturally combat pests and diseases, all resulting in increased crop production and general plant health. Using European technology we began researching production processes and the potential of Vermicomposting over 20 years ago. In 1991 we built the first American flow through Vermicomposting processor in Portland Oregon which continues to handle more than 2,000 tons of food waste per year at an annual cost savings of approximately $70,000.00. The Worm Castings are sold as an Organic soil amendment or mixed to form valuable plant growth media, as well as providing a natural pesticide and fungicide. In 1997: Awarded our first of three Phase I, and Phase II USDA-SBIR grants enabling advanced engineering, design and process modifications to be made in order to achieve a greater understanding of the production process and the products potential. In collaboration with Ohio State University, and Professor Clive Edwards, these grants supported extensive field and greenhouse trials using Vermicompost on a wide range of fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. The results clearly demonstrated that the affects were nutritional as all experimental plants received the same full range of nutrients – and remarkably small quantities of Vermicompost promoted enhanced germination, growth, flowering and yield on a variety of crop plants. Agricultural wastes, food and garden wastes, paper waste, and bio-solids from waste water treatment plants, when processed by earthworms, all showed similar results. With the aid of two additional USDA-SBIR grants again collaborating with OSU and Dr. C. Edwards we investigated a range of structural and functional comparisons between Vermicompost and traditional types of compost. * The continuous-flow production process does not allow nutrient leaching as occurs with conventional thermophilic composting and some less efficient methods of Vermicomposting * There were large physical, chemical and biological differences, all seemingly related to leachate control and the organic waste passage through the earthworms gut. * Vermicomposting was far more efficient in controlling odors and other vector issues. * With high worm populations and optimum conditions Vermicomposting is much faster than most conventional composting processes. * The percentages of Nitrogen, Potassium, Potash, Magnesium, and Calcium in forms readily available for plant uptake are much greater in Vermicomposts. * Microbial activity is much greater in finished Vermicompost; maintaining many types of bacteria and fungi that contribute to soil health and fertility. Our research showed in laboratory, greenhouse and field trials that a specific amount of Vermicompost, added to commercial potting mediums suppressed diseases, insect populations and insect damage to and on plants grown in Vermicompost treated soils. It is now widely accepted that the readily available micro organisms available in Vermicompost are the likely source of the plant growth regulators and Humates now known to be responsible for the increased germination, flowering and yields found in the plant growth trials. The project then focused on investigating the reason why the smaller particle size and greater moisture holding capacity in Vermicompost contributed to a decrease in soil nutrient leaching when Vermicompost was added to soils; demonstrating the destruction of viable weed seeds through Vermicomposting and the destruction of humane pathogens in contaminated organic wastes during Vermicomposting. This second part of the Phase I, Phase II: Plant Pest, Disease and Human Pathogen Control results, according to the EPA 503 Regulations, achieved Class A material in 60 days with bacterial levels for Salmonella, Ecoli, and viable Helmath Olva were all non-detectable. We developed our operational protocols from this research, and this research and operational training goes with every system. Other investigations concentrated on the properties of Vermicompost that increased plant growth. The increased plant growth observed greatly exceeded any of the nutrient inputs applied and all recent plant growth trials received balancing levels of nutrient inputs to ensure nutrients were not the cause. * Small additions of Vermicompost decreased the incidence of various plant diseases and the numbers of plant parasitic nematodes were suppressed. * Further research investigating production methods (Third part of Phase I and II) and effective practical applications of water soluble elutriates for foliar application for immediate disease and pest control are ongoing. Initial results were completed in June 2009 : Liquid Extracts for Disease and Pest Control. * Heat sterilization of finished Vermicompost was shown to remove all plant growth enhancing properties, but these could be restored by the addition of aqueous extracts of un-sterilized Vermicompost. This demonstrates the key factor is clearly microbial, most likely associated with plant growth regulators and increased levels of humic acid and folic acid found in Vermicompost. * Results showed increased growth effects were more frequent and more pronounced at specific concentration levels and application rates. When plants were grown in less specific blends or in mixes of greater concentrations of Vermicompost the beneficial growth, disease and pest control was greatly reduced or lost completely. * This result was unexpected, but confirmed by detailed and rigorous studies using a wide range of Vermicompost substitutions in a commercial plant growth media and in a wide range of plant species. * Optimum germination, growth, flowering, and heavier fields occurred only in a specific formulation that included nutrients other than what is in the Vermicompost. * This takes us down a path that suggests that the chemical or biological agent that is providing the disease control and triggering the plants ability to respond systemically to pest and disease issues is either a soluble uptake or has to be manufactured by the plant as an antagonist. * Conclusion: too much Vermicompost can block the functions that triggers these responses; similar to the way too much nitrogen locks in the leaves and does not allow the proper function of the plant. * Lastly, vigorous, healthy plants, as were observed when grown with Vermicompost, are far less susceptible to attack by plant pests and diseases. Tolerance, resistance, suppression, or the ability to manufacture an antagonist to plant pests or diseases are sometimes difficult to distinguish, but decreases in lesions and other symptoms, and decreases in the numbers of causative organisms have been found. Aquaculture of Chanos chanos Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 800 years ago in the Philippines and spread in Indonesia, Taiwan and into the Pacific. Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions. In the late seventies, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability. In 1980 the first spontaneously spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms. Fry are raised in either sea cages, large saline ponds (Philippines) or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan). Milkfish reach sexual maturity at 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb), which takes 5 years in floating sea cages, but 8-10 years in ponds and tanks. Once 6 kilograms (13 lb) is reached (8 years) an average of 3-4 million eggs will be produced each breeding cycle.[1] This is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, there have been attempts using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning.[3] Some still use the traditional wild stock method. This involves capturing wild fry using nets. Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, as well as the target species. For example rotifers, green algae and brine shrimp. They can either be intensive or semi-intensive. Semi-intensive methods are more profitable with it costing $6.67 US per 1000 fry in 1998, compared with $27.40 per 1000 fry for intensive methods. However, the experience required by labor for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive. Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/liter. Indonesia achieves similar densities but has more backyard-type nurseries. The Philippines have integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and have densities of about 1000/liter. There are three methods of outgrowing: pond culture, pen culture and cage culture. * Shallow ponds are found mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are shallow 30–40 centimeters (12–16 in), brackish ponds with benthic algae, usually used as feed.[1] They are usually excavated from ‘nipa’ or mangrove areas and produce ~ 800kg/ha/yr. Deep ponds (2-3m) have a more stable environment and began in 1970. They so far have shown less susceptibility to disease than shallow ponds. * In 1979 pen culture was introduced in Laguna de Bay, which had high primary production. This provided an excellent food source. Once this ran out, fertilizer was applied. They are susceptible to disease. * Cages culture occurs in coastal bays. These consist of large cages suspended in open water. These rely largely upon natural sources of food. Most food supply is natural food (known as ‘lab-lab’) or a combination of phytoplankton and macro algae. Traditionally this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order. Harvest occurs when the individuals are between 20-40cm (250-500g). Partial harvests remove uniform sized individuals with nets or gill nets. Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when there is an environmental problem, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms and all stock is removed. Possible parasites include parasitic nematodes, copepods, protozoa and helminthes. Many of these are treatable with chemicals and antibiotics. Vermicast Process Vermicast renews the soil and is used as a natural fertiliser. It is made by recylcling organic waste which is transformed into natural fertiliser by using earth worms. The process of how these worms are utilised will be explained below. The process uses a variety of left over products such as grass cuttings, compost, vegetable cuttings and manure from cattle, pigs and chickens. They will then be placed into the following systems: Wind Row System Food is placed on the right hand side of the row and kept moist. Vermicast is then scraped off the opposite side because the worms will gravitate towards the direction that you feed them on. Therefore you are able to remove the vermicast from the left and it wont contain any of the worms. Pond System Start at the bottom-15cm compost. Keep adding 15cm compost at a time till pond is full. Remove whole pond to wash. Wind Rows Undercover Food is placed on front and kept moist. Vermicast is scraped off the opposite side. Feed from the front, worms keep moving forward so what you remove from the back wont contain any of the worms. This is usually done in sheds and on a smaller scale. Once the earth worms have eaten all the food given then the following steps will be taken: 1) Washing the Worms (As seen in the middle picture)Vermicast containing the worms is put in a tank of water, it is stirred, the worms are separated by the circulating force of the water to the outside. Once everything is mixed up, the vermicast is suspended in the water and the worms disperse to the outside of the tank which are then caught on the racks. 2) Catching Worms (As seen in the bottom picture)

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay The role of women has greatly changed since 1840. One of the most significant changes for women has been with the power to have control over their bodies. In the 1840s women had the idea that they were only housewives and that was their duty. This idea is significantly different from that of the 20th century. The ideology of true womanhood was a widespread idea that women and men were complete opposites with almost no common traits that transcended the differences of gender in 1800s. There were two separate spheres; women were in charge of the private sphere, or the family sphere, while the men controlled the public sphere, which contained all the politics. Women had the responsibility of teaching their young children, especially educating their young sons to be prominent members of society. This mainly was an ideology that was embraced by the middle-class white women. Working class women did not fit into this category. Some women began to work in factories instead of doing domestic housework, such as the mill girls of Lowell. Black slave women were also exempt from this category. Slave women were not allowed to live with their families, be educated, marry, or raise children-all of which are some of the basic needs to fulfill the ideology of true womanhood. Even though the ideology of tru e womanhood was a widespread idea, it does not include all women. 1843 saw the beginning of the westward movement of Americans. The role of women has not changed in recent years. On the trail, women had the responsibilities of childbearing and childrearing. These women lived out of wagons for half a year or longer, where they cooked and cleaned and raised the children as best they could. This decision to uproot and make the journey to the west caused a great deal of domestic tensions. One woman, Keturah Belknap, recorded a fight between a wife and a husband from a near-by wagon, She wants to turn back and he wont, so she says he will go and leave him . . . with that crying baby. She wrote, [I heard a] muffled cry and a heavy thud as if something was thrown against the wagon box. She then heard the woman cry. Oh youve killed it, to which the husband replied, he would give her more of the same. When women had to deviate from their distinct responsibilities, such as keeping house, and help the men with their responsibilities, they were reluctant rathe r than seizing the chance to show that they could do a mans job. Women did not complain that the work was difficult, but more that it was unladylike. White women were not the only women that suffered along these journeys. Mexican women that were living in the south were pushed aside as American women moved their way into their lands. These self-identified respectable white women shunned prostitutes and female adventurers. Indian women were degraded to the status of domestic servants and at the time of the outbreak of the civil war, Mexican women were beginning to be of the same status. Womens sexuality was heavily suppressed during these time periods. The average period between births for whit women specifically in 1850 was twenty-nine months, it is a reasonable assumption that many, possibly most, women were either pregnant, nursing or caring for infants while living on the wagons. However, pregnancy was not discussed publicly even though confinement of the pregnant women was not possible while living on the wagons. Historians can only deduct that a woman was pregnant was through a womans references to getting sick, followed soon afterward by mention of a new child. An example of this comes from the writing of Amelia Stewart Knight in her 1853 trail diary. She wrote, Got my washing and cooking done and started on again . . . (here I was sick all night, caused by my washing and working too hard). Then, within two weeks and her trip almost to an end, she gave birth to her eighth child. The entire time she had been pregnant and had not directly referred to it in her diary. Once the journey was at an end and the white Americans begin their lives in the West, the Native Women and Mexican citizens were not fairing so well. They were pushed aside in the beginning were violently pushed to the side, were now experiencing conquest and displacement. This expansion set women against each other on the basis of race, culture and ethnicity. Hunger and diseases that were brought by the emigrating white Americans were spreading through the Plains Indian tribes. The Indian women were forced to beg for food and money. Many Native women began to hang around US Army forts and trade posts where they had informal sexual and domestic unions with white men. Unfortunately, these relations never worked out. Once the white men found a white woman he wanted to marry, he abandoned the Native woman. In many cases this happened and the womans Native communities would not allow them to return, so they ended up on the edge of white culture, serving as domestic servants to white wome n and prostitutes to white men. As prostitutes, these women were often met with scorn and called a black dirty squaw. The word squaw was originally used as a name for Indian Woman but had come to have a negative implication of sexual degradation and unrelenting, unrewarded, and unskilled female labor. The Antebellum reforms came in 1840 and continued up until the Civil War. These reformers pushed beyond established social and cultural norms in their attempts to improve, even perfect, both the individual and society. Women played a prominent role in these reforms. Their modest efforts on behalf of their communitys welfare were compatible with domesticity and female respectability. Over time their dedication to moral and social causes pushed them beyond their homebound roles and allotted sphere. Some women even made the step into new gender territory. Womens enthusiasm for moral reforms suggests that family and sexual life were important concerns to women antebellum reformers. The nuclear family that was central to the idea of domesticity was also a place of domestic violence, sexual abuse and female disempowerment. Many women antebellum reformers called for more radical changes in womens sexual and reproductive lives. Womens menstrual, reproductive and sexual dissatisfaction made t hem eager advocates and consumers of health reform. These women did not trust the questionable diagnoses of regular physicians so many health activists developed alternative therapeutic methods to increase body vitality using only natural and non-evasive approaches. They also urged women to take cold water baths and wear loose-fitting clothing which would offer comfort to those women who were worn out from too many and too frequent pregnancies. Mary Gove Nichols was an outspoken critic of the sexual abuses hidden with in marital life. She gave speeches about womens sexuality, their frustrations and sufferings in marriage. Few nineteenth century women ever encountered such direct speech about female sexuality. Womens rights were talking a big stride during this time period and women were being more outspoken about their bodies and their sexual well-being. There was a great reconstruction period from 1865 until the 1900. During this time there came a great change in womens lives. In the North, women were challenging the government and looking for equal rights for women. Black women in the South were confronting the challenges and dangers of their newfound freedom. After the defeat of the Confederacy in the Civil War, slaves were beginning to become educated and have families of their own. However, there were many racial conflicts in the aftermath of slavery. Whites charged that black men were sexual predators seeking access to white women. The irony to these accusations was that under slavery, it was the white man who took advantage of their slaves and had unrestricted access to black women. Middle class and upper class women created today what is called the Womens Era as they pursued new opportunities in education, civic organization and public authority. As the industrial society grew, more women wage earners entered the system and brought with them their determination to join in the efforts to bring democracy to American class relations. Immigration was a big change that came in the nineteenth century as well. Immigrant mothers stayed at home while teenage daughters became their familys secondary wage earners. Young daughters tried to move toward modern society while their mothers tried to keep them in the Old-World traditions. These women also often became domestic servants for white women and they had no choice but to do this degrading work because of poverty. In 1914, there was a great surfacing of feminism. As the votes-for-women campaign gained momentum, the idea of modernizing womanhood and feminism began to grow. The agenda of these feminists, who were suffragists-but not all suffragists, were feminists- was to embrace female individuality, sexual freedom and birth control. This feminism was more of a cultural development rather than a movement. Rheta Childe Dorr wrote, Feminism was something with dynamite in it. It is the state of mind of women who realize that their whole position in the social order is antiquated . . . made of old materials, worn out laws, customs, conventions, fetishes, traditions and taboos. This feminism brought along with it the birth control movement. Earlier womens rights campaigns had urged women to undertake pregnancy only voluntarily. Harriot Stanton Blach said in her speech in 1891 that, Motherhood is sacred-that is, voluntary motherhood; but the woman who bears unwelcome children is outraging every duty she owes the race . . . [Women] should refuse to prostitute their creative powers, and so jeopardize the progress of the human race. (pg.349). Margaret Sanger, a daughter of Irish immigrants, opened the first American birth control clinic. Days after it opened she was arrested for promoting birth control. When she was released, she continued to dedicate herself to the cause. Contraception became more acceptable and more widely advertised in the 1920s. But in the prewar years, birth control was a radical idea that challenged traditional ideas of womens sexuality and reproduction. During the Cold War years, another great emphasis was put on domesticity and family life because of the red scare, or the scare of communists. During this time the idea of feminine mystique was brought about. One woman, Betty Friedan, captured this idea. She attacked mass media for encouraging women to gain a sense of personal creativity through the use of cake mixes and floor waxes. She criticized popular magazines for psychologists for prescribing tranquilizers for neurotic women instead of examining the social bases of their unhappiness. In her book, The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote, . . .the problem that has no name stirring in the minds of so many American women today is not a matter of loss of femininity or too much education, or the demands of domesticity. . . It was in these women that I first began to notice the tell-tale signs of the problem that has no name; their voices were full and flat, or nervous and jittery; they were listless and bored, or frantically busy around the house or community. They talked about fulfillment in the wife-and-mother terms of the mystique, but they were desperately eager to talk about this other problem with which they seemed to be familiar with. The ideology of feminine mystique is best understood as a prescription for female behavior indicted by those Americans eager to reinforce strict gender roles, and therefore find a means of social order. The feminist movement also encouraged women to exercise control over their bodies. Women liberation groups particularly addressed womens health and reproduction along with the issues of abuse and violence. A major concern was rape and other sorts of violence towards women and to bring it to the attention of the public. Before womens liberation groups, rape victims were accused of dressing provocatively and asking for it. As they women brought this problem forward, it came clear how many sexual assaults went unreported. This campaign by women liberators gave women more control over their bodies and focalized also on womens quest for sexual self-determination and its relationship to abortion. As you can see, the idea of control over a womans body and its reproductive rights has greatly changed over since the 1840s. Women used to believe that their only responsibility was childbearing, childrearing and keeping house. Also, that they were subject to their husbands and had no voice. Reforms that began at the beginning of the century allowed women to have a voice and gain the control they rightly deserved over their own bodies. If these women were not brave enough to make the steps toward individualism, we would not be where we women are today.

Womens Marital Rights in Thomas Hardys The Woodlanders :: Hardy Woodlanders Essays

Women's Marital Rights in Thomas Hardy's The Woodlanders Thomas Hardy's novels focus on the difficulties of relationships between men and women, especially married men and women. In his preface to The Woodlanders, Hardy poses the question of "given the man and woman, how to find a basis for their sexual relation" (Hardy 39). With this in mind, the reader meets Grace Melbury, a young woman of marrying age, who is betrothed by circumstances beyond her control, to a man named Giles Winterbourne. When the young and mysterious doctor, Edred Fitzpiers catches Grace's eye, Hardy's question of sexual compatibilities is addressed. Grace and Fitzpiers find themselves mutually attracted to one another, and Giles loses Grace's affection. In time, Grace and Fitzpiers are married. Yet this union is soon challenged by Fitzpiers secret affair with the powerful Felice Charmond. Grace learns of Edred's adultery, and is angered and humiliated. With the prompting of her father, Grace is forced to evaluate her marriage. At this time, they hear about the so-called "new law", which would possibly allow for her to divorce Fitzpiers, and re-engage in her courtship with Winterbourne. This law in question, The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes act of 1857, proves not to be a solution to Grace's dilemma. Prior to the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857, divorce in England was regulated by the Ecclesiastical Courts. Marriage was a permanent state of being for the most part. The Church granted divorces only with the addition of a private act of Parliament, an extensive and costly procedure; therefore, before 1857, only the very wealthy had access to marital termination. The Act of 1857 created the Probate and Divorce Court in London. The law allowed a man to divorce his wife for adultery, but a woman's request for a divorce would only be granted if her husband practiced cruelty, bigamy, incest, and/or bestiality along with adultery. Women could obtain a separation for desertion of more than two years, as well as adultery or cruelty. A deserted wife could also apply for rights of her own property, something not completely legal until 1870. If a woman could not afford the expenses of a divorce procedure, she could only be granted a separation from her husband. Although a good firs t step, this law still held many limitations for women. The Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882 favored women's marital rights.

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 is a sign of warning to today's society to look upon the problems for a realistic solution. It was about a society that frowned on curiosity and outlawed books. The story was mainly about Guy Montag who burned books for a living. The mood of this story is set with Montag and his wife, Mildred’s, mixed relationship. They don’t agree on anything and never communicate. They are entirely different from one another because of the influence of society. Montag was having what he thought to be great life, until he met Clarisse McClellan. Clarisse was their seventeen-year-old next door neighbor who was raised to ask why and how. When she met Montag, she changed him by making him think about things he never gave thought to before. Clarisse asked Montag if he was truly happy about his life, and when he thought about Clarisse’s question, he realized that he really wasn’t happy. Montag brought about that everything in his life was false and that he couldn’t trust anyone, so he worked to improve his relationship with his wife. He became interested in books, which made him against the new society. From there on improving his life was what became his first concern. Mildred was an odd woman who was literally â€Å"brainwashed† by society. Mildred had no idea what she would do or why she would do it. She once took so many sleeping pills that she almost died, but in the morning denied everything that happened. She was a pill popping, suicidal snob who was obsessed with material things. Mildred preferred the company of her â€Å"parlor-walls† and seashell radios than the company of Montag. The TV walls were called â€Å"parlor-walls† and Mildred referred to the people on TV as her â€Å"parlor-family.† She was with them most of the time and had nothing else to do all day. The society in which they live in used mind-controlling devices to command all the citizens and Mildred was one of them. This had an immense impact on Montag and Mildred’s relationship. Montag and Mildred do not have an ideal relationship. Montag felt as if they did not sleep in the same bed, and at times, she seemed uncomfortable in his presence. This was made clear when Montag says they are like â€Å"a winter island separated by an empty sea,† (Page 41.) Montag and Mildred almost never communicate with each other.

Essay example --

Ben Dischert February 22 2014 Research paper J.C. Watts is having a very interesting life. He won the Orange bowl as child his uncle was state president of NAACP. J.C. played in the Canadian Football League [CFL]. Won the Orange bowl and had a in the Congress. He was even a Baptist minister. Here’s the life of Julius Caesar Watts Watts was born in Oklahoma on November 9, 1957. He grew up with 5 other siblings: Melvin, Lawrence, Mildred, Gwen and Darlene. J.C. was the second oldest. His parents were Helen and Buddy Watts. When Watts was little, his uncle Wade was state NAACP president of Oklahoma. When Watts started grade school, he was one of the first black kids to go to that school. After making it into high school, he told a story of when â€Å"he made it on the varsity football team as a quarterback but he was the second string. He got so mad about this. He quit the team and went home to tell his dad. But after talking to his dad .J.C. went back to his coach and asked if he could rejoin the team, the coach said â€Å"yes†. Once the coach put him in a game t...

Compare and Contrast Essay Art

Work #1 Mona Lisa Leonardo de Vinci, i503-i507 Oil on poplar, (77 x 55cm, 30 x 21in) Muste de Louve, Paris Work # 2 Flowers of Edo: Young Woman’s narrative Chanting to the Shamison Kitagowa Utamoro, Mid 17903 Color wood block print (15 1/8 x 10/38. 5 x 25. 5 cm) Spencer Museums Art The University of Kansas I am not a professional art critic, I just like beautiful paintings. It is very fascinating to me the talent that some are born with. Dilect changes with time but a painting or message or imaginary stays the same. I chose two very important paintings both are portraits of woman. They were created during different time periods. Comparing the two work one (Mona Lisa) is very detailed, while work two (Flowers of Edo: Young woman’s narrative chanting to the shamisen) is more sketched. I am left wondering if work two was a real person or drawing that was later painted. Mona Lisa or La Giocanda (Lajaconde) is the 16th century, oil paintings on polar wood by Leonardo Da Vinci, and is one of the world’s most famous paintings. Few works of art have been subjected to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody. It is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musee da Louvre in Paris. The painting, a half-length portrait, depicts a woman whose gaze meets the viewers with an expression often described as enigmatic. The title Mona Lisa stems from the Giorgio Vasari biography of Leonard De Vinci published 31 yrs after Leonard’s death. In it he identified the sitter as Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy businessman; Mona was a common name from the title Madonna, meaning my lady, the English version of Madam. The alternative title is the Italian version which means light-hearted was derived because of her smile. The â€Å"Flowers of Edo† was a series of creations by artist kawakawa Utamoro, who was a Japanese print maker and painter, and he is considered one of the greatest artists of wood block prints. He is especially known for his masterfully composed studies of women. His sensuous female beauties are generally considered the finest and most evocative. He also produced nature studies particularly illustrated books of insects. Kitagawa work reached Europe in the middle of the 19th century, where his works were very popular; enjoying particular fame in France. He influenced the European impressionist, particularly with his use of partial views, with an emphasis or light and shade. Sources The Mona Lisa Exposed Http://www. hepgura. com/mona Lisa, an ad supported tufts University student website dedicated to the Mona Lisa. Shrug asana, Timothy Clark, The passionate art of Kitagowa Utamaro British Museum Press, London, 1995

Safeguarding Adults And Personalisation

This essay im arrangeivate center on on heavy(p) safeguarding and how jurisprudence and indemnity applies to shiting with endangered magnanimouss, which in turn every(prenominal)ow recognise how this puke protect or hinder their make ups. In concomitant to this, it lead in assenting register my under(a)(a)standing of what the procedure and responsibilities of a kind player is in regards to safeguarding and mortalalisation. The bighearted safeguarding field policy get onndum was set kayoed in 2000 by the department of closelyness called No Secrets named much(prenominal) to define that in that respect underside be no secrets or sanitary-nighwhere to spread everywhere when it comes to exposing the ab enjoyment of assailable big(a)s.This guidance delineate a conquerable swelled as a person who is or whitethorn be in wish of federation c atomic number 18 table helping by reasonableness of mental or separate check, age or disease and who is or may be unable(p) to protect him or herself against signifi discharget damage or ontogeny. (Department of Health, 2013) However, safeguarding swear bulge out restrainer considerably essential since then and in the draft C ar and Support bill poster 2012, a advanced bound, adult at jeopardy has this instant re dictated under attack(predicate) adult as a more pleasant alternative and beca routine the term unsafe adult may wrongly imply that approximately of the fault for the ill- interposition lies with the adult ab utilise.It was proposed by the Law tutelage and it is now delimit as anyone with favorable sell needfully who is or may be at pretend of signifi thronet harm. Although this is a much shorter definition it is still go by that no effect what your circumstances, anyone gage be classed at attempt and is entitled to be safeguarded and protected from pervert. (Department of Health, 2013) many cordial thespians impression frustrated by the fact that when dealings with adult call characters thither is no statute that is equal to the Children take on 1989.However, in that respect be several(prenominal) pieces of policy and law that fond workers set up draw upon to confine their formula that pull up stakes some(prenominal)(prenominal) authorise and protect single(a)s who beget themselves in defense slight situations. (Pritchard, 2009) Legislation date back from 1948 to the present day tins a range of duties and powers base on versatile definitions and criteria. In England and Wales on that point is non a statutory avocation to investigate hollo, however, No Secrets all the way practices a responsibility on companionable go as the tombstone agency accountable for adult security and this position is strengthened by the world Rights turn 1998.(Wilson et al, 2008) The humane Rights spot didnt come into forte in the UK until October 2000 and it meant citizenry could take cases rega rding breaches of their man even ups into a UK court. This would arrive at provided a breakthrough and through to victims who thought that their perpetrators would evermore get apart with abusing them. Although, without the help of a companionable worker encouraging them to hear help and jump this would non be able to see.(Galpin&Bates, 2009)There are particular articles indoors the coiffe that are relevant to safeguarding adults such as article 2, everyone has a estimable to bearing denomination 3, the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading interference and hold 5, everyone has the right to liberty and security. In addition to this, the right to respect a persons home, private and family life under Article 8 look into and responding to the risk of offense will close to invariably get this article interventions essential be lawful, reassert and proportionate nominaten over the risk.(Pritchard, 2009)The noetic contentedness Act 2005 provides a manikin to wear person decision-making, al wr etc.eding option of appointing their boast got decision maker and to as well as promote decision-making in a persons scoop out interests should they omit aptitude. The Act encourages fore qualifying provision, for example, mint who have expertness plainly looking that they would lack capacity in the advancementing they john project former(a)s to act for them under a long-lived Power of lawyer which would involve decisions more or less welfare, health and pecuniary matters.Where decisions have to be made regarding in force(p) medical treatment, long-run accommodation moves or an adult egis investigation, an Independent Mental Capacity propose (IMCA) may be appointed to realise and represent the undivided. (Wilson et al) The IMCA dish up started in 2007 when it provided a table service for 5,266 mess and has been providing a statutory service for quint years. Although the IMCA service is a statutory service , it is provided by the voluntary celestial sphere and is a discipline service provided by 60 topical anaesthetic anaesthetic providers which sets out to both empower and to safeguard citizenry.It is accountable to topical anaesthetic anesthetic commissioners as healthful as local clients it works with both the NHS and 152 local regime and it is designed to reassert and represent pile as well as challenge and change organisations and their arranges. In 2009, IMCAs were stipulation superfluous duties under the going of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS). Their focus was to safeguard some of the most unprotected circumstances that flock coffin nail distinguish themselves in.Therefore, where, for their own galosh and in their crush interests, populate need to be accommodated under do by and treatment regimes that have the return of depriving them of their liberty, but where they lack capacity to apply to the regime. (Department of Health, 2013) A nonher act that is rele vant to adult work is the NHS and familiarity bursting charge Act 1990 which provides a modelling for all judgings of vulnerable adults. It emphasises the importance of case observe and reviewing. (Pritchard, 2009) front to the act in that respect had been criticism approximately(predicate) the demeanor in which community burster go were organised.Therefore, when the Act was applianceed, qualified cordial workers were given the depute as condole with strugglers and many going into adult service for the source time. A key eyeshot of keeping focusing was that the assessment carry through should be establish on an individuals inescapably sooner than the service they require which would alter substance affrontr mandate and choice and in turn provide a individualizedize greet. (Parker&Bradley, 2010) ainisation means beginning with the person rather than the service and it reinforces the appraisal that the person should bed best what their inescapably a re and how they can be met.The kind workers job works with adults at risk would be to ascertain they had the right nurture and stay to vex code the appropriate go. person-to-personisedisation is about(predicate) giving plurality much more choice and control over their own lives and good loving work work out is about place the individual first. (SCIE, 2008) The ainisation agendum was outlined in three classic historys. freshmanly, Fair inlet to lot work (FACS) which called for local governance to set eligibility criteria for providing services base on balancing resources against need.Secondly, Transforming loving Care which was introduced to maturate a individualizedize approach to the pitch of adult fond reverence through the use of get hold of payments and personal budgets. Finally, the document, pose People low placed personalisation at the centre of hearty distribute policy, get along and performance. These policies were introduced to promote self- enforceed person living and the livelihood for these initiatives took on deuce forms in the way of Direct Payments and personal Budgets. (Trevithick, 2012) The legislation for carry payments is incorporated in the Community Care Act 1996.The Act gave local governance the power to implement transport payments. However, it was non until 2000 that the service was broad to people over 65 which plain led to them world more vulnerable and unable to access services. Direct payments is a way of change people to discern their own bang and championship services it is seen as a right not a privilege. (Parker&Bradley, 2009) Although ingest payments are seen as primal to the presidencys docket for the modernisation and variation of adult kindly care, it needs to be note that on that point are concerns regarding risks and holdable reduction in rights for people who use extend payments.(Galpin&Bates, 2009)The master(prenominal) concern is that people will use their d irect payments to employ unregulated care workers or relatives or will not manage well which may hold them open to a greater risk of poor feel care or even abuse through neglect, exploitation, physical, etc. (CommunityCare, 2013) On the other glide by, whom the service user employs is generally their choice and responsibility which would give them a star of independence. However, regulation and develop of personal assistants is not compulsory, at that placefore, evidence of qualifications or certificates is at the employers discretion.This in itself poses a risk to service users who take this route. (Galpin&Bates, 2009) Personal budgets or individual budgets refers to funding that is allocated by the local dictum to enable service users to buy services in regards to their personal and mixer care needs which can include domestic, social leisure and educational activities. Administ confine is viewed as less meddling than direct payments, for example, tax revenue are not r equired for individual expenditure. It is the responsibility of a social worker to play a key design in delivering this individualised service.(Parker&Bradley, 2010)In 2010, the UK Coalition governance confirmed its allegiance to the principles which are corporate in the personalisation agenda and the target was for local councils to offer personal budgets to one one thousand thousand social care service users by 2013 as part of its social care provision. (Trevithick, 2012) However, a word discussion document on the coming(prenominal) of services for elderly people called The grapheme for Tomorrow confront the Beyond was produced in 2012. The document address that the opportunities of personal budgets and direct payments have not been a aeonian acceptance by all those who are entitled to them.Whilst people have commonly been very substantiative about the impress of personal budgets on their lives, aged adults wrap up less triumph than other adult groups. More older people intoxicate adult social care services than any other age groups but the amount that are actually receiving personal budgets or direct payments is small. In addition to this, the legal responsibilities of the personal budget bearer are also presenting some challenges in the way of the holders performing as employers. When a service user directly employs person to deliver a service, issues of employment law, quality and safeguarding still remain.There is a challenge for policy makers, local political science and their partners to balance concerns about the impact of less well monitored trunks on quality, reliability and safeguarding on one hand and the bureaucracy and terms of additional monitoring on the other. (Adass, 2013) As mentioned previously, FACS is a guinea pig eligibility framework which allocates social care resources to individuals, carers and communities based on iv eligibility bands critical, substantial, moderate and low risk to independence.However, in 2010 it was said to have proved exhausting to adhere to, specially in the scotch climate with rising slope cost pressures and an increase need to ration services. The BASWs join manager noted there was a need for a national framework and more should be left to the superior discretion of social workers, workings with the personalisation agenda and a person-centred approach. However, this can only happen if councils are given enough resources to manage peoples care.(CommunityCare, 2013)Putting People First a shared vision and freight to the geological fault of adult social care was a key document from the government to outline the future of adult service provision. It sets out the governments loading to autarkical living for all adults. In addition to this, it seeks to develop a collaborative approach between local and central government, providers and regulators to hurry the development of a change system of adult social care. The first pace in a personalised approach to social work practice is Person Centred Planning ( health professional). caregiver addresses issues of exclusion that can be overlooked in the assessment do work because it focuses on the persons capacities and not their impairments. The listening involved in PCP is good social work practice and can be used to reckon a persons choices and abilities. It also helps to ensure that the person is placed at the centre of the assessment and planning process. However, there is an issue of funding when it comes to PCP for all individuals with a learning disability and can rely heavily on the organized religion of the individuals informal or pro bono support network to make their aspirations and plans a reality.Although in my opinion I do think PCP is the way forward and should be used more frequently in social work practice. (Galpin&Bates, 2009) In stopping point to this essay and with the information garner it can be noted that there are several policies and legislation that suppor t the safeguarding of adults. Therefore, it come outs unthinkable as to why vulnerable adults or adults at risk mention themselves in a position of abuse or neglect. However, unfortunately due to the new-fangled Winterbourne resume scandal and others like it, abuse simply still remains of individuals who are clearly too vulnerable to give tongue to out.It does come to the fore that although guidance and policies are in place to safeguard adults who may be at risk, it obviously doesnt seem to be enough or it is entirely that abusers are getting away with their crimes. The future of adult safeguarding must be ameliorate and to do this, all agencies should work in concert in partnership and ensure the execution of instrument of policies procedures, etc. are in place. corking social work practice is of the final importance.Safeguarding Adults and PersonalisationThis essay will focus on adult safeguarding and how law and policy applies to working with vulnerable adults, whic h in turn will recognise how this can protect or hinder their rights. In addition to this, it will also demonstrate my understanding of what the role and responsibilities of a social worker is in regards to safeguarding and personalisation. The adult safeguarding national policy agenda was set out in 2000 by the department of health called No Secrets named such to outline that there can be no secrets or somewhere to hide when it comes to exposing the abuse of vulnerable adults.This guidance defined a vulnerable adult as a person who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness and who is or may be unable to protect him or herself against square harm or exploitation. (Department of Health, 2013) However, safeguarding services have considerably developed since then and in the draft Care and Support Bill 2012, a new term, adult at risk has now replaced vulnerable adult as a more acceptable alternative and because the term vuln erable adult may wrongly imply that some of the fault for the abuse lies with the adult abused.It was proposed by the Law Commission and it is now defined as anyone with social care needs who is or may be at risk of significant harm. Although this is a much shorter definition it is still clear that no matter what your circumstances, anyone can be classed at risk and is entitled to be safeguarded and protected from abuse. (Department of Health, 2013) Many social workers feel frustrated by the fact that when dealing with adult abuse cases there is no statute that is equivalent to the Children Act 1989.However, there are several pieces of policy and legislation that social workers can draw upon to support their practice that will both empower and protect individuals who find themselves in vulnerable situations. (Pritchard, 2009) Legislation dating back from 1948 to the present day provides a range of duties and powers based on various definitions and criteria. In England and Wales ther e is not a statutory duty to investigate abuse, however, No Secrets clearly places a responsibility on social services as the key agency responsible for adult protection and this position is strengthened by the Human Rights Act 1998.(Wilson et al, 2008)The Human Rights Act didnt come into force in the UK until October 2000 and it meant people could take cases regarding breaches of their human rights into a UK court. This would have provided a breakthrough to victims who thought that their perpetrators would always get away with abusing them. Although, without the help of a social worker encouraging them to seek help and support this would not be able to happen.(Galpin&Bates, 2009)There are particular articles within the Act that are relevant to safeguarding adults such as Article 2, everyone has a right to life Article 3, the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and Article 5, everyone has the right to liberty and security. In addition to this, the right to respec t a persons home, private and family life under Article 8 investigating and responding to the risk of abuse will almost invariably involve this article interventions must be lawful, justified and proportionate given the risk.(Pritchard, 2009)The Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides a framework to support individual decision-making, allowing choice of appointing their own decision maker and to also promote decision-making in a persons best interests should they lack capacity. The Act encourages forward planning, for example, people who have capacity but feel that they would lack capacity in the future they can nominate others to act for them under a Lasting Power of Attorney which would involve decisions about welfare, health and financial matters.Where decisions have to be made regarding serious medical treatment, long-term accommodation moves or an adult protection investigation, an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA) may be appointed to support and represent the individual. ( Wilson et al) The IMCA service started in 2007 when it provided a service for 5,266 people and has been providing a statutory service for five years. Although the IMCA service is a statutory service, it is provided by the voluntary sector and is a national service provided by 60 local providers which sets out to both empower and to safeguard people.It is accountable to local commissioners as well as local clients it works with both the NHS and 152 local authorities and it is designed to support and represent people as well as challenge and change organisations and their practices. In 2009, IMCAs were given additional duties under the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS). Their focus was to safeguard some of the most vulnerable circumstances that people can find themselves in.Therefore, where, for their own safety and in their best interests, people need to be accommodated under care and treatment regimes that have the effect of depriving them of their liberty, but where they lac k capacity to consent to the regime. (Department of Health, 2013) Another act that is relevant to adult services is the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 which provides a framework for all assessments of vulnerable adults. It emphasises the importance of case monitoring and reviewing. (Pritchard, 2009) Prior to the act there had been criticism about the way in which community care services were organised.Therefore, when the Act was implemented, qualified social workers were given the task as care managers and many going into adult services for the first time. A key aspect of care management was that the assessment process should be based on an individuals needs rather than the service they require which would enable user empowerment and choice and in turn provide a personalised approach. (Parker&Bradley, 2010) Personalisation means starting with the person rather than the service and it reinforces the idea that the person should know best what their needs are and how they can be met.T he social workers job working with adults at risk would be to ensure they had the right information and support to access the appropriate services. Personalisation is about giving people much more choice and control over their own lives and good social work practice is about putting the individual first. (SCIE, 2008) The personalisation agenda was outlined in three important documents. Firstly, Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) which called for local authorities to set eligibility criteria for providing services based on balancing resources against need.Secondly, Transforming Social Care which was introduced to develop a personalised approach to the delivery of adult social care through the use of direct payments and personal budgets. Finally, the document, Putting People First placed personalisation at the centre of social care policy, practice and performance. These policies were introduced to promote independent living and the funding for these initiatives took on two forms in the way of Direct Payments and Personal Budgets. (Trevithick, 2012) The legislation for direct payments is incorporated in the Community Care Act 1996.The Act gave local authorities the power to implement direct payments. However, it was not until 2000 that the service was extended to people over 65 which obviously led to them being more vulnerable and unable to access services. Direct payments is a way of enabling people to manage their own care and support services it is seen as a right not a privilege. (Parker&Bradley, 2009) Although direct payments are seen as central to the governments agenda for the modernisation and transformation of adult social care, it needs to be noted that there are concerns regarding risks and possible reduction in rights for people who use direct payments.(Galpin&Bates, 2009)The main concern is that people will use their direct payments to employ unregulated care workers or relatives or will not manage well which may leave them open to a greater risk o f poor quality care or even abuse through neglect, exploitation, physical, etc. (CommunityCare, 2013) On the other hand, whom the service user employs is generally their choice and responsibility which would give them a sense of independence. However, regulation and training of personal assistants is not compulsory, therefore, evidence of qualifications or certificates is at the employers discretion.This in itself poses a risk to service users who take this route. (Galpin&Bates, 2009) Personal budgets or individual budgets refers to funding that is allocated by the local authority to enable service users to buy services in regards to their personal and social care needs which can include domestic, social leisure and educational activities. Administration is viewed as less intrusive than direct payments, for example, receipts are not required for individual expenditure. It is the responsibility of a social worker to play a key role in delivering this personalised service.(Parker&Brad ley, 2010)In 2010, the UK Coalition Government confirmed its commitment to the principles which are embodied in the personalisation agenda and the target was for local councils to offer personal budgets to one million social care service users by 2013 as part of its social care provision. (Trevithick, 2012) However, a joint discussion document on the future of services for older people called The Case for Tomorrow Facing the Beyond was produced in 2012. The document addressed that the opportunities of personal budgets and direct payments have not been a constant acceptance by all those who are entitled to them.Whilst people have usually been very positive about the impact of personal budgets on their lives, older adults report less satisfaction than other adult groups. More older people receive adult social care services than any other age groups but the amount that are actually receiving personal budgets or direct payments is small. In addition to this, the legal responsibilities o f the personal budget holder are also presenting some challenges in the way of the holders acting as employers. When a service user directly employs someone to deliver a service, issues of employment law, quality and safeguarding still remain.There is a challenge for policy makers, local authorities and their partners to balance concerns about the impact of less well monitored systems on quality, reliability and safeguarding on one hand and the bureaucracy and cost of additional monitoring on the other. (Adass, 2013) As mentioned previously, FACS is a national eligibility framework which allocates social care resources to individuals, carers and communities based on four eligibility bands critical, substantial, moderate and low risk to independence.However, in 2010 it was said to have proved difficult to adhere to, especially in the economic climate with rising cost pressures and an increasing need to ration services. The BASWs joint manager noted there was a need for a national fr amework and more should be left to the professional discretion of social workers, working with the personalisation agenda and a person-centred approach. However, this can only happen if councils are given enough resources to manage peoples care.(CommunityCare, 2013) Putting People First a shared vision and commitment to the transformation of adult social care was a key document from the government to outline the future of adult service provision. It sets out the governments commitment to independent living for all adults. In addition to this, it seeks to develop a collaborative approach between local and central government, providers and regulators to facilitate the development of a personalised system of adult social care. The first step in a personalised approach to social work practice is Person Centred Planning (PCP).PCP addresses issues of exclusion that can be overlooked in the assessment process because it focuses on the persons capacities and not their impairments. The liste ning involved in PCP is good social work practice and can be used to understand a persons choices and abilities. It also helps to ensure that the person is placed at the centre of the assessment and planning process. However, there is an issue of funding when it comes to PCP for all individuals with a learning disability and can rely heavily on the trust of the individuals informal or unpaid support network to make their aspirations and plans a reality.Although in my opinion I do think PCP is the way forward and should be used more frequently in social work practice. (Galpin&Bates, 2009) In conclusion to this essay and with the information gathered it can be noted that there are several policies and legislation that support the safeguarding of adults. Therefore, it seems unimaginable as to why vulnerable adults or adults at risk find themselves in a position of abuse or neglect. However, unfortunately due to the recent Winterbourne View scandal and others like it, abuse obviously st ill remains of individuals who are clearly too vulnerable to speak out.It does appear that although guidance and policies are in place to safeguard adults who may be at risk, it obviously doesnt seem to be enough or it is simply that abusers are getting away with their crimes. The future of adult safeguarding must be improved and to do this, all agencies should work together in partnership and ensure the implementation of policies procedures, etc. are in place. Outstanding social work practice is of the utmost importance.